HIST. REF,
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BATTLES AND LEADERS OF THE CIVIL WAR
volOme one
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THE BUGLE CALL.
FROM THE PAINTING BY WILLIAM M. HUNT.
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BATTLES AND LEADERS OF THE CIVIL WAR
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BEING FOR THE MOST PART CONTRIBUTIONS BY UNION AND CONFEDERATE OFFICERS. BASED UPON "THE CENTURY WAR SERIES." EDITED BY ROBERT UNDERWOOD JOHNSON AND CLARENCE CLOUGH BUEL,OF THE EDI- TORIAL STAFF OF "THE CENTURY MAGAZINE'.'
NEW-YORK
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Copyright, 1887, By The Century Co.
The De Vinne Press.
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CAMP GOSSIP. FROM A PHOTOGRAPH.
PREFACE
TTTITH the main purpose in its origin of interesting veterans in their own T ▼ memories and of instructing the generation which has grown up since the War for the Union, the " Century War Series," through peculiar circum- stances, has exerted an influence in bringing about a better understanding between the soldiers who were opposed in that conflict. This influence, of which substantial evidence has been given, North and South, lends additional historical interest to the present work. Many commanders and subordinates have here contributed to the history of the heroic deeds of which they were a part. General Grant, who, in accord with the well-known purpose of President Lincoln, began at Appomattox the work of reconciliation, contributed to the \\ ar Series four papers on his greatest campaigns, and these are here included. They Were written before his severe illness, and became the foundation of his " Personal Memoirs." The narrative of his battles, continued under the tragic circumstances of the last year of his life, retrieved his fortunes and added a new laurel to his fame. The good temper and the unpartisan char- acter of his articles, and of the papers by the leading writers on both sides, arc the most significant signs in these pages. For the most part, each side has confined controversy to its own ranks, and both have emphasized the benefit as well as the glory of the issue. Coincident with the progress ol .he series during the past three years, may be noted a marked increase in the number of fraternal meetings between Union and Confederate veterans, enforcing the conviction that the nation is restored in spirit as in fact, and that each side is contributing its share to the new heritage of manhood and peace.
On the 17th of July, 1883, Mr. Buel, Assistant-Editor of " The Century" magazine, proposed in detail a magazine series by prominent generals of
IX
x PREFACE.
both sides. The original suggestion (based upon the success of two articles from different points of view on the John Brown raid, sn " The Century" fo\ that month) was of eight or ten articles on the decisive battles of the wa and included in the main the features of the expanded ^pu'es. Mr. R. ^ Gilder, the Editor-in-Chief, at once cordially adopted the suggestion, now mitting the charge of its execution to Mr. Johnson, the Associate-Editor, assisted by Mr. Buel ; from the start Mr. Gilder has aided the work by his counsel, and by the support of his confidence in its success and public use- fulness— ends which could not have been attained except for the liberal and continued support of Roswell Smith, Esq., President of The Century Co. The elaboration of the first plan, the securing of the contributions, and the shaping and editing of the series were shared by Mr. Johnson and Mr. Buel, the former devoting the more time to the work during the months of organ- ization, and the latter having entire charge of the editing for nearly the whole of the second year. The course of the series in magazine form was from November, 1884, to November, 1887.
That the plan and the time of the enterprise were alike fortunate, may be estimated from the unprecedented success of the articles. Within six months from the appearance of the first battle paper, the circulation of " The Century " advanced from 127,000 to 225,000 copies, or to a reading audience estimated at two millions. A part of this gain was the natural growth of the periodical. The still further increase of the regular monthly issue during the first year of the serial publication of Messrs. Nicolay and Hay's Life of Lincoln (1886-87) has proved the permanent character of the interest in important contribu- tions to the history of the Civil War.
The present work is a natural sequence of the magazine series, and was provided for before the publication of the first paper. Both the series and this expansion of it in book form are, in idea as well as in execution, an outgrowth of the methods and convictions belonging to the editorial habit of " The Cen- tury" magazine. The chief motive has been strict fairness to the testimony of both sides, and the chief endeavors have been to prove every important state- ment by the " Official Records " and other trustworthy documents, and to spare no pains in the interest of elucidation and accuracy. These ends could not have been attained without the cordial cooperation as writers, and assistance as interested actors, of the soldiers of both sides; in these respects the aid rendered by veterans, from the highest rank to the lowest, has been unstinted, and would be deserving of particular mention if such were possible within ' f an ordinary preface. Nearly every writer in the work, and thers whose names do not appear, have been willing sources or suggestion and information. Special aid has been received from General James B. Fry, from the late Colonel Robert N. Scott, who was the editorial head of the " War Records " office, and from his successor, Colonel H. M. Lazelle ; and thanks are due to General Adam Badeau, George E. Pond, Colonel John P. Nicholson, Colonel G. C. Kniffin, and to General Marcus J. Wright, Agent of the War Department for the Collection, of Confederate Records.
PREFACE. xi
Material for the illustrations, which form a m< t striking and not the least important feature of the work, has been received from all sides, as will be noted in the table of contents. Special acknowledgment is due to the Boston Commandery of the Loyal Legion, to whose complete set of the Gardner and the Brady photographs, as well as to other material, access has been had from the beginning of the series. Colonel Arnold A. Band, Secretary of the Boston Commandery, and General Albert Ordway have rendered valuable aid in connection with the Brady and the Gardner photographs and in other ways. The importance of accuracy has been kept constantly in view in the preparation of the illustrations — a laborious work which has been exe- cuted under the direction of Alexander W. Drake, Superintendent, and W. Lewis Fraser, Manager, of the Art Department of The Century Co.
The Editors.
New York, November, 1887.
CONFEDERATE WOODEN CANTEEN, FOUND AT ANTlETAM.
CORRECTIONS IN THE FIRST EDITION. Page 5. For Admiral Charles A. Davis (so printed in part of the edition), read Admiral Charles H. Davis.
4
Page 6 and page 108. For Charles G. Memminger, read Christopher G. Memminger.
Page 41. "From Moultrie to Sumter," by General Doubleday. Concerning the statement that Major Robert Anderson, of Kentucky, " was a regular officer and owner of a slave plantation in Georgia," Major Anderson's widow writes to the Editors that he never owned a plantation anywhere, and that he never resided in Georgia. She adds, " He inherited slaves in Kentucky from his father, Colonel Richard Clough Anderson, and these he liberated immediately on coming into possession of them, which was a few years after he was graduated at the Military Academy of West Point." General Doubleday will modify the statement for other editions.
Page 81. For Lieutenant James A. Yates (so printed in part of the edition), read Lieutenant Joseph A. Yates.
Page 236. For Sergeant Thomas Shumate (so printed in part of the edition), read Sergeant Joseph Shumate.
Page 261. " The Confederate Commissariat at Manassas," by Colonel Northrup. Near the middle of the second column— for "Lieutenant-Colonel Robert B. Lee was added," read "Lieutenant-Colonel Richard B. Lee was added."
Page 438. In the foot-note: For General George W. Cullom (so printed in part of the edition), read General George W. Ctillum.
Page 576. "The Campaign of Shiloh," by General G. T. Beauregard. Line 27— for the 13th of February, read the 13th of March.
Page 669. Title to portrait. For Colonel Zebulou B. Vance, read Brigadier-General Robert B. Vance.
xn
CONTENTS OF VOLUME ONE.
PAGE
FRONTISPIECE, "THE BUGLE CALL." Prom the lithograph by D. C. Fabronius of the painting
by William M. Hunt VT
PREFACE IX
Illustrations: Camp Gossip, from Gardner photo. ; and Confederate Wooden Canteen (W. Taber).
LIST OF MAPS XXII
LIST OF ARTISTS & XXIII
LIST OF DRAUGHTSMEN xxill
LIST OF ENGRAVERS XXIII
INTRODUCTION.
PRELIMINARY EVENTS. From the Charleston Convention to the first Bull Run
Illustration: The Reveille (W. Taber).
ORGANIZATION OF THE TWO GOVERNMENTS
The United States Government : The Buchanan Administration ; The Lincoln Administra- tion; The United States War Department ; The United States Navy Department.
The Confederate States Government: Provisional Organization; Reorganization: Confed- erate States War Department : Confederate States Navy Department.
Governors of the States during the War.
SIGNS OF WAR.
WASHINGTON ON THE EVE OF THE WAR GENERAL CHARLES P. STONE. .... 7
Illustrations: Rotunda of the Capitol in 1861, from photo, lent by General M. C. Meigs (E. J. Meeker) — Map of the United States in 1861, showing Military Posts occupied by United States Troops January l, 1861, ami Approximate Limit of Territory controlled by the United States Forces .Inly, 1861 (Jacob Wells) — Uniform of the National Rifles; Uniform of the Potomac Light Infantry <H. A. Ogden) —Brevet , Lieut. -General Wintield Scott, from Brady photo.— Headquarters of General Scott (TJieo. It. Diiris) — Washington Arsenal, from Russell photo. (E. J. Meeker)— The Columbian Armory (T. If. Davis) — Joseph Holt. Secretary of War. from Brady photo. — President Buchanan, from Brady photo.— General Charles P. Stone, from Brady photo.— President Lincoln, from ambrotype taken May 20, 1860— Vice-Preside) 1 1 Hamlin, from Brady photo. — South or Garden Side of the White House (F. 11. Cocks) — The White House at Night (Joseph Pennell) — Inauguration of President Lincoln, from plioto. lent by General M. C. Meigs.
WITH SLEMMER IN PENSACOLA HARBOR COLONEL J. H. OILMAN 26
Illustrations : Peusacola Harbor from the Bar (Thco. R. Davis) The Man who refused to haul down the Union Flag ( William Waud) — Map of Peusacola Bay, redrawn from "Frank Leslie's" (Fred. E. Sitts) — Confederate, Water-battery, from photo, lent by Loyal) Farragut (W. Taber) — Lieutenant Adam J. Slemmer, from Brady photo.
RECOLLECTIONS OF THE TWIGGS SURRENDER .MRS. CAROLINE BALDWIN BARROW. 33
Illu stratioxs : A Texau Ranger, from ambrotype i.l. ('. Redwood) — The Alamo, Sail Antonio (Abram Hosier) — Colonel Daniel H. Vinton, from photo.
^r In onler to save much repetition, particular credit is here given to the Boston Commandery of the Loyal Legion, to ( 'ol- nel Arnold A. Rand, General Albert Midway. Charles B. Hall, and W. H. Whiton, for the use of photographs and drawings. War-time photographers whose work is of the greatest historical value, and lias been freely drawn upon in the preparation- f the illustrations, are M. B. Brady, Alexander Gardner, and Captain A. J. Russell in the North ; and D. H. Anderson of ichmond, Va.. and George S. < look of Charleston, S. C— the latter since the war having succeeded to the ownership of the nderson negatives.
xiii
V
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xiv CONTENTS OF VOLUME ONE.
FORT SUMTER.
PAGE
FROM MOULTRIE TO SUMTER GENERAL ABNER DOUBLED AY 40
Illustrations: View of Charleston from Castle Pinckney (T. R. Davis) — Major Robert Anderson, from Bradj photo. — Major Anderson and his Officers, from Cook photo.— The Sea-battery at Fort Moul- trie, from photo.— Map of Charleston Harbor (Jacob Wills) — The Hot-shot Furnace, Fort Moultrie, from photo.— Major Anderson's Men Crossing to Fort Sumter (Theo. R. Davis).
INSIDE SUMTER IN '61 CAPTAIN JAMES CHESTER 50
Illustrations : South-west or Gorge Front of Fort Sumter, from photo, lent by the Washington Light Infantry, Charleston, S. C. (^Y. Tuber) —The Sally-port of Fort Sumter, from photo.— Ground Plan of Fort Sumter (F. E. Sitts) — Interior of Fort Sumter after the Surrender, from photo. (W. Tuber) — Interior of Fort Sumter after the Bombardment, showing the Gate and the Gorge Wall, from photo.— Interior of Fort Sumter, showing the 10-iuch Colnmbiad bearing on Charleston, from photo, lent by G. L. G. Cook C W. Tuber) — Eft'eet of the Bombardment on the Barbette Guns, from photo, lent by the Rev. John Johnson (E. J. Meeker) — The Sumter Garrison Watching the Firing on the "Star of the West" (T. B. Davis) — Confederate Floating Battery in Action (T. It Davis)— Plan of the Floating Battery, from a Sketch by Colonel Joseph A. Yates — Sergeant Carmody Firing the Barbette Guns of Sumter (T. li. Davis) — A Casemate Gun during the Conflagration (T, R. Davis) — Ruins of the Casemates and of the Barbette Tier of Guns, from photo's.
THE FIRST STEP IN THE WAR GENERAL STEPHEN D. LEE 74
Illustrations : Bursting of the Signal-shell from Fort Johnson over Fort Sumter (T. R. Davis) — Governor Francis W. Pickens, from photo, lent by Louis Manigault — Confederate Mortar-battery on Morris Island, from photo.— General G. T. Beauregard, from Anderson-Cook photo.— Secession Hall, Charleston, from Cook photo. (E. J. Meeker) — Fort Sumter at the close of the Bombardment (T. R. Davis) — Jefferson Davis, from Brady photo.— View of Cumming's Point (T. R. Davis).
NOTES ON THE SURRENDER OF FORT SUMTER . COLONEL A. R. CHISOLM 82
ORGANIZING FOR THE CONFLICT.
\K .GENERAL JACOB D. COX 84
-Life-mask of Stephen A. Douglas, from photo.— Port rait ot Steph taken in 1852 — Major-General George B. McClellan,
from photo, by R. W. Addis — ......, m Granger, from Brady photo.— Camp Dennison,
near Cincinnati, based upon photo, r W. Tuber).
THE CONFEDERATE GOVERNMENT AT MONT- )
GOMERY. By the Editor of the Charleston >../?. BARNWELL RHE/'T 90
" Mercury" in 1SG0-2 )
Illustrations: Montgomery, Alabama, in 1861, showing the Confederate Capitol (T. R. Duvis) — Alexander H. Stephens, from Brady photo.— William L. Yancey, from Cook photo.— Robert Toombs, from photo.— Leroy Pope Walker, from Brady photo.— R. Barnwell Rhett, from Cook photo.— Howell Cobb, from photo, lent by General Marcus J. Wright — Stephen R. Mallory, from daguerreotype — Judah P. Benjamin, from photo, lent by James Blair — Charles G. Memminger and John H. Reagan, from steel-engravings, by permission of D. Appletou & Co.
FIRST OPERATIONS IN VIRGINIA.
JACKSON AT HARPER'S FERRY IN i8bi GENERAL JOHN D. IMBODEN HI
Illustrations : Richmond, Va., in 1861 (Theo. R. Duvis) — Palmetto Regiment parading in Charleston, S. C, en route for Richmond (Theo. R. Davis) —Map of Virginia, West Virginia, and Maryland (Jacob Wells) —Court-house, Charleston, Va., where John Brown and his Associates were Tried and Sentenced, from photo, by W. G. Reed (Harry Venn)— Map of Harper's Ferry (<S. H. Brown) — Portrait of John Brown, from photo, by J. W. Black & Co. (with Autograph) ^""ine-house. Harper's Ferry (Joseph Pennell) —Portrait of Colonel Robert E. Lee, from photo, ta ■ the War, lent by General G. W.
C. Lee — View of Harper's Ferry looking down the Potomac >to. CTF. Tn her) — Harper's Ferry
from the Maryland wide, from photo, (W. Tuber)— Lieut.-C ,omas J. ("Stonewr ikson,
C. S. A., from phntn i>\- Tanner & Van Ness — General Jai 61, from pen sketcl . Mrs.
Harriet Coxe Ble Voivk) —Colonel Roger Jones, ly photo.
CONTENTS OF VOLUME ONE. xv
PAGE
McCLELLAN IN WEST VIRGINIA GENERAL JACOB D. COX 126
Illustrations: An Affair of Outposts (W. Taber) — Majov-( al Lew Wallace, from Brad;,
photo.— Map of Campaigns in West Virginia (Jacob Wells) — Brig.-General T. A. Morris, from Brady photo.— Plan of Combat at Rich Mountain (J. W ells) — Brig.-Geni ohn Pegram, C. S. A., from
Anderson-Cook photo.— Brig.-Geueral R. S. Garnett, C. S. A., from photo.— Major-General W. S. Rose- erans, from photo, by Bogardns — Brig.-General H. A. Wise, C. 8. A., froi 1 Brady photo.— Brig.-General J. B. Floyd, C. S. A., from photo.— Post-hospital and Wagon-shop at Kanawha Falls, from photo, lent by General J. D. Cox (Harry Fe n n ) —Plan of Gauley Bridge and Vicinity (Jacob Wells) —View ot Gauley Bridge and New River Cliffs, from photo's lent by General J. D. Cox (Harry Fenn) — Plan of Affair at Carnifex Ferry (Jacob Wells ) — Floyd's Command Recrossing the < tauley River, and Preparing to Shell Rosecrans's Camp at Gauley Bridge, from sketches by W. D. Washington owned by J. F. Gibson ("IF. L. Shepjpard) —View of Rornney, Va. (A. E. Waud).
FIRESIDE AND FIELD OF BATTLE.
GOING TO THE FRONT (Recollections of a Private— 1 ) . WARREN LEE GOSS 1-49
Illustrations: Fae-simile of the Conclusion of General Dix's ••American Flan" Dispatch, from the original lent by the Rev. Morgan Dix, D. D.— Arrival of the New York 7th at Annapolis (Thco. R. Davis) — Uniform of the 6th Massachusetts (H. A. Ogden) — "And the Corporal did" < /■:. W. Eemble)—A Mother's Parting Gift (E. W. Kcmble) — Militia Uniform of '61, from photo, of the statue by J. Q. A. Ward — The New York 7th Marching down Broadway (W. Taber) — Federal Hill, Baltimore (F. H. Sehell) — Pennsylvania Avenue, Washington, in '61 (Theo. R. Davis) — The New York 7th at (amp Cam- eron, Washington (J/. J. Bums).
VIRGINIA SCENES IN "6i MRS. BURTON HARRISON. 160
Illustrations: Confederate Battle-flag, from original flag lent by Mrs. Harrison (E. J. Meeker)— A Virginia Homestead, from sketch lent by Mrs. Harrison (E. J. Meeker) —Confederates on the Way to Manassas (E. W. Kemble) — Listening for the First Gun (E. W. Kemble) — Fac-simile of Autographic Copy of the First Stanza of " My Maryland."
CAMPAIGN OF THE FIRST BULL RUN.
McDOWELL'S ADVANCE TO BULL RUN GENERAL JAMES B. FRY 167
Illustrations: Scrutinising a Pass at the Long Bridge, based on photo. (W.H. SJ> .out — Uniform of the llth New York at Bull Run (W. Taber) — Simon Cameron, Secretary of War rom Brady photo. — Uniform of the 1st Massachusetts at Bull Run (H. A. Oydcn)— General Irvin McLowell, from photo. by Fredericks — Uniform of the 2d Ohio at Bull Run (H.A. Ogden) — Map of the Defenses of Washing- tor., July, 1861 (Jacob Wells)— Fac-simile of a Washington Pass of 1861 (obverse and reverse), lent by Murat Halstcad— View of Washington from the Signal Camp, two cuts (Tlieo. R. Daris) — The Stone Church, Centreville, from Gardner photo. (Harry Fenn) — Unif drm of the nth New York (Fire Zouaves) at Bull Run (H. A. Oydcn) —Outline Map of the Rattle-field of Bull Run (Jacob Wells) — Sudley Springs Hotel (Joseph Fennell) — Sudley Springs Ford in 1884 (Joseph J>ennct!)—*nd\ey Springs Ford, from Gardner photo. (Harry Fenn)— The Stone Bridge over Bull Run (Joseph Pennell) — Fatigim Uniform and Kilts of the 79th New York (11. A . Oydcn) — The Sudley Springs Road, from photo, by Captain J. E. Barr (J. D. Woodward) — Major-General Charles Griffin, and Major-Genera] James B. Ricketts, from photo's lent by General James B. Fry — The Contest for the Henry Hill ( W. Taber) — Uniform of the Garibaldi Guards (H. A. Oyden) — Uniform of Blenker's 8th New York Volunteers (H. A. Oydcn) — Brig.-General Louis Bleuker, from Brady photo.
THE OPPOSING ARMIES AT THE FIRST BULL RUN. Table of Strength, Composition,
and Losses 194
THE FIRST BATTLE OF BULL RUN GENERAL G. T. BEAUREGARD 196
Illustrations: A Louisiana "Tiger" (A. C. Redwood) —Arlington, the Home of General Robert E. Lee (J. H. Cocks) — Map of the Bull Run Campaign (Jacob Wells) — The McLean House, General Beaure- gard's Headquarters, near Manassak from Gardner photo. (W. Taber) —Topographical Map of the Bull Ruu Battle-Held (Jacob Wells) — Rally ing the Troops of Bee, Bartow, and Evans behind the Robinson House fT. de Thulstrup) A Louisiana "Pelican" (A. G. Redwood) — The Robiusou House, from Gardner photo. (J. 1>. Woodward)— The Main Battle-ground, two views, from photo's (Harry Fenn) — Colonel F. S. Bartow, from photo, lent by Georgia Historical Society — Fairfax Court-house, from Gardi photo. (W. Taber)— Ruins of the Stone Bridge, looking along the Warrenton Turnpike toward the Battle- field, from Gardner photo.— Confederate Quaker Guns, from Gardner photo. (A. O. Redioood) — Generals R. E. Lee and J. E. Johnston, from photo, by D. J. Ryan (with Autographs).
r
xvi CON TEN IS OF VOLUME ONE.
PAGE
INCIDENTS OF THE FIRST BULL RUN GENERAL JOHN D. IMBODEN 2-29
Illustrations: The New Henry House and the Monument of the First Battle, from photo. (W. Taber) — Confederate Fortifications about Manassas Junction, and the Stone House on the Warrenton Turnpike, from Gardner photo's (Harry Fenn) — Plan of the Bull Run Battle-field (Jacob Wells) — Briga- dier-General Barnard E. Bee, from photo, by Tucker & Perkins.
RESPONSIBILITIES OF THE FIRST BULL RUN GENERAL JOSEPH E. JOHNSTON 240
Illustrations: Quaker Gun found in the Confederate Works at Manassas, from Gardner photo. (W. Taber) — General Samuel Cooper, from photo, by Davis lent by General Marcus J. WrigM— Lieuten- ant-General Richard 8. Ewell, from Anderson-Cook photo.— " Stonewall" Jackson as First-Lieutenant of Artillery, from daguerreotype lent by his niece, Miss Alice E. Underwood.
GENERAL E WELL AT BULL RUN MAJOR CAMPBELL BROWN 259
THE CONFEDERATE COMMISSARIAT AT MANASSAS COLONEL L. B. NORTHROP 261
WILSON'S CREEK, LEXINGTON, AND PEA RIDGE.
THE FIRST YEAR OF THE WAR IN MISSOURI COLONEL THOMAS L. SNEAD 202
Illustrations: A Very Raw Recruit (E. W. Kemble) — Map of Operations in Missouri, 18C1 (Jacob Writs) — Governor Claiborne F. Jackson, from phototype lent by General Marcus J. Wright — Brigadier- General D. M. Frost, from photo, by Scholten — Fac-simile of Missouri War Scrip, lent by R. I. Hol- combe — Major-General Sterling Price, from Anderson-Cook photo. — Major-General David Hunter, from Brady photo. — Major-< ieneial Henry W. Halleck, from photo.
IN COMMAND IN MISSOURI GENERAL JOHN C. FREMONT 278
Illustrations: Off to the War (TT. Taber) —Major-General F. P. Blair, Jr., from Brady photo.— Brig. - General Nathaniel Lyon, from Brady photo. — Major General Franz Sigel, from photo. — Major-General John C. Fremont, from steel portrait lent by Mrs. Fremont.
DEATH OF LYON GENERAL WILLIAM M. WHERRY 289
i of the United States Regulars in 1861 (H. A. Ogden) — Map of Wilson's ells) — Major-General John M. Schofield, from Brady photo. — Battle-field tl Pearee's Camp, from photo's (E. J. Meeker) —Brigadier-General N. B. loto.
tATTLE )
■ GENERAL N. B. PEARCE 208
Illustrations: Bloody Hill from the East, from photo, by Sittler lent by R. I. Holcombe (]}'. Taber) — Major-General Ben. McCulloeh, C. S. A., from photo.— Brigadier-General W. Y. slack, ('. S. A., from Brady photo.
^HH FLANKING COLUMN AT WILSON'S CREEK. . . GENERAL FRANZ SIGEL 304
THE OPPOSING FORCES AT WILSON'S CREEK, MO. Composition, Strength, and Losses 306
THE SIEGE OF LEXINGTON COLONEL JAMES A. MULLIGAN :i07
Illustrations: Confederates Fighting behind Hemp-bales (TT. Taber) — Map of the Siege of Lexing- ton (Jacob Wells) — Battle of Lexington, as seen from Parsons's position, after sketch by F. B. Wilkie in "Frank Leslie's " (F. II. Schell) — Colonel James A. Mulligan, from photo. (Sidney L. Smith).
THE PEA RIDGE CAMPAIGN GENERAL FRANZ SIGEL 314
Illustrations: Uniform of the United States Regulars in 1861, from photo. (H. A. Oyden) — Major- General Samuel R. Curtis, from photo.— Major-General Earl Van Horn, C. S. A., from photo, by Earle & Son (with Autograph) — Map of the Battle-field of Pea Ridge, or Elkhorn Tavern (Jacob Wells) — Major- General Peter J. Osterhaus, from photo, by Fredericks — Major-General Eugene A. Carr, from Brady photo.— Brigadier-General James Mcintosh, C. S. A., from photo.— The Union Right under General Carr at Pratt's Store, Second Day of the Battle — and Last Hour of the Battle of Pea Ridge, from paintings by Hunt P. Wilson owned by Southern Historical Society of St. Louis (Scliell and Hogati) — Brigadier- General Albert Pike, C. S. A., from photo, by Scholl, and Brigadier-General Stand Waitie, C. S. A., from photo's lent by General Mareu
CONTENTS OF VOLUME ONE. xvii
UNION AND CONFEDERATE INDIANS 1 1>AGE
IN THE CIVIL WAR } WILEY BRITTON 335
Illustration: Elkhorn Tavern, Pea Ridge, from photo. (W. Taber). THE OPPOSING FORCES AT PEA RIDGE. Composition, Strength, and Losses 337
BELMONT AND FORT HENRY.
RECOLLECTIONS OF FOOTE AND THE GUN-BOATS . . CAPTAIN JAMES B. BADS 338
Illustrations: Building the Eads Gim-hoats at Carondelet (Then. R. Davis) — The "De Kalb," for- merly the "St. Louis" (Type of the "Carondelet," " Cincinnati," " Louisville," " Mound City," " Cairo," and "Pittsburgh"), from photo, lent by Captain Eads — Captain James B. Eads, from photo.— The "Osage" (Twin of the "Neosho") — and the "Chickasaw" (Type of the "Milwaukee," "Winnebago," and " Kickapoo "), from photo's lent by Captain Eads (E. J. Meeker) — Rear-Admiral Andrew Hull Foote, from photo, by E. Anthony — Rear- Admiral Henry Walke. from ambrotype.
NOTES ON THE LIFE OF ADMIRAL FOOTE. )
By his Brother \ .... JOHN A. FOOTE 347
GENERAL POLK AND THE BATTLE OF BELMONT. )
By Mg Son } CAPTAIN WILLIAM M. POLK 348
[From the MS. of the " Life of Leonidas Polk"' (unpublished).]
Illustrations : Portraits of Confederate Privates of the West, from ainbrotypes (II. A. Ogden)—Map of the Battle-held near Belmont, Mo. (J. S. Kemp) — Lieutenant-General Leonidas Polk, Bishop of Louisiana, from photo, hj Morse— Brigadier-General U. 8. Grant (18(51), from photo, lent by O. Hufelai '
— Tlie Gun-boats -Tyler" and "Lexington" fighting the Columbus Latteries during the B Belmont, from drawing by Rear- Admiral Walke (F. U. Sehell and T. Hogan) — Confi
tions at Columbus, Ky., from sketch made for "Frank Leslie's" and lent by G. Woodward) — Captain John A. Rawlins (1861), from photo, lent by O. Hn Grant's Troops alter the Battle, from drawing by Rear-Admiral Walke (/■'. H. !
THE GUN-BOATS AT BELMONT AND FORT HENRY REAR-ADMIRAL HENRY WALKE 358
Illustrations: Army Transports at the Cairo Levee (Theo. B. Daris) — Flag-Onicer Foote in the Wheel-house of the "Cincinnati" at Fort Henry (W. Taber) — Wharf-boat at Cairo, from photo, lent by Major J. H. Benton ( ir. (looter) —The Gun-boats " Tyler " and " Lexington" engaging the Batteries of Columbus, from sketch by Rear-Admiral Walke (Harry Venn) — Map of the Region of Foote's Opera- tions (Jacob Writs) United States Gun-boat "Tyler," from drawing by Rear-Admiral Walke — Map of Fort Henry (Jacob Wells) — Cross-section of a Confederate Torpedo found in the Tennessee River (E. J. Meeker) — Between Decks: Serving the Guns, from drawing by Rear-Admiral Walke (A. C. lied 'wood >
— General Lloyd Tilghman, from photo.
THE DEFENSE OF FORT HENRY CAPTAIN JESSE TAYLOR 368
Illustration : The Attack upon Fort Henry, from drawing by Rear-Admiral Walke.
MILL SPRINGS, THE BIG SANDY, AND FORT DONELSON.
HOLDING KENTUCKY FOR THE UNION COLONEL R. M. KELLY 37:;
Illustrations: Military Water-sled (Frank H. Sehell) — Rev. Robert J. Breckinridge, D. D., from steel portrait — Major-General William Nelson, from Brady photo. — Major-General John C. Breckin- ridge, C. 8. A., from daguerreotype lent by Anson Maltby— Map of Kentucky and Tennessee (Jacob Wells) — John C. Crittenden, from daguerreotype — Camp Dick Robinson — The Farm-house, from sketch lent by .Mrs. M. B. Robinson — Major-General Lovell H. Rousseau, from Brady photo.— Major-Gem • George B. Crittenden, C. S. A., from photo. —Major-General D. C. Buell, from photo, lent by Gem ral James B. Fry— Map of the Battle of Logan's Cross Roads, or Mill Springs, Ky. (Jacob Wells) — Brigadier- General Felix K. Zollicoffer, C. B. A., from photo. — Brigadier-General Speed S. Fry,- from photo, taken in 1802 —National Cemetery at Logan's Cross Roads, from photo. (E. J. Meeker) — View on the Battle- field of Logan's Cross Roads, from photo. (E. J. Meeker).
xviii CONTENTS OF VOLUME ONE.
PAGE
THE OPPOSING FORCES AT LOGAN'S CROSS ROADS, KY. (MILL SPRINGS OR FISHING
CREEK). Composition, Strength, and Losses 392
MARSHALL AND GARFIELD IN 1
EASTERN KENTUCKY } ^ BDWARD °' ARRANT 393
Illustrations: Confederate Private, from ambrotype (Frank Day)— Map of Big Sandy River and Middle Creek Battle-field (Jacob Wells)— Brigadier-General James A. Garfield, from Brady photo. — Brigadier-General Humphrey Marshall, C. S. A., from photo.
THE CAPTURE OF FORT DONELSON GENERAL LEW WALLACE 398
Illustrations: Headquarters in the Field (B. F. Zogoaum) — the Town of Dover from Robinson's Hill, from photo. ( W. H. Drake) — Map of Fort Donelson as Invested by General Grant (Jacob Wells) — Glimpse of the Cumberland River where the Gun-boats first appeared, from photo. (Harry Fenn) — Major-General John A. McClernand, from photo. — Major-General Simon B. Buckner, C. S. A., from photo, by Anthony— Dover Tavern, General Buckner's Headquarters and the Scene of the Surrender, from photo. (Harry Fenn) — Major-General Morgan L. Smith, from photo, lent by Miss D. Morgan Smith — Major-General C. F. Smith, from Brady photo.— The Crisp Farm — General Grant's Headquarters — Front View of Mrs. Crisp's House, from photo's (W. H. Drake) — The Position of the Gun-boats and the West Bank, from photo's (Harry Fenn)— The Bivouac in the Snow on the Line of Battle (R. F. Zogbaum) —Branch of Hickman's Creek near James Crisp's House, the Left of Generate. P. Smith's Line, from photo. (Harry Fenn) — McAllister's Battery in Action (W. Taber)— Yi&w on the Line of Pillow's Defenses in front of McClernand, showing Water in the Old Trenches, from photo. (Harry Fenn) --Major-General Gideon J. Pillow, C. S. A., from Anderson-Cook photo.— Rowlett's Mill, from photo. (W. Taber)— Fac-stmile of the original "Unconditional Surrender'" Dispatch— View from the National Cemetery, from photo. (G. H. Stephens).
THE OPPOSING FORCES AT FORT DONELSON, TENN. Composition, Strength, and Losses. . .429
THE RIVER GUN-BOATS FROM FORT DONELSON TO
NEW MADRID.
THE WESTERN FLOTILLA AT FORT )
DONELSON, ISLAND NUMBER TEN, > REAR-ADMIRAL HENRY IVALKE 430
FORT PILLOW, AND MEMPHIS. .. . S
Illustrations : The " Carondelet " Fighting Fort Donelson, from sketch by Rear-Admiral Walke (F. H. Schell and T. Hoy an) — Explosion of a Gun on board the " Carondelet " during the Attack on Fort Donelson, from sketch by Bear- Admiral Waike (M. J. Burns) — The Gun-boats at Fort Donelson— The Land Attack in the Distance, from sketch by Rear-Admiral Walke (Harry Fenn) — Map of the Region of the Flotilla Operations (Jacob Wells)— Map of Military and Naval Operations about Island Number Ten (Jacob Wells) —The Mortar-boats at Island Number Ten (E. J. Meeker) —The "Caron- delet " Running the Confederate Batteries at Island Number Ten, from sketch by Rear-Admiral Walke (Harry Fenn) —The Levee at New Madrid (A. B. Wand) —Major-General John Pope, from Brady photo.— Brigadier-General W. W. Mackall, C. S. A., from photo, by G. W. Davis — The "Carondelet" and "Pittsburgh" Capturing the Confederate Batteries below New Madrid, from drawing by Rear- Admiral Walke (F. H. Schell and T. Hogan) — Flag-Ofneer Charles Henry Davis, from Brady photo.— Fort Pillow and the Water-battery, and the Battle of Fort Pillow, from sketches by Rear-Admiral Walke (F. H. Schell ami T. Hogan ) —The Battle of Memphis (looking South), from drawing by Rear-Admiral Walke (Frank H. Schell) — Brigadier-General M. Jeff. Thompson, C. S. A., from photo.
ELLET AND HIS STEAM-RAMS AT MEMPHIS GENERAL ALFRED IV. ELLET 453
Illustrations : The Battle of Memphis (looking North) — Retreat of the Confederate Fleet, from draw- ing by Rear-Admiral Walke (F. H Schell anil T. Hogan) — Colonel Charles Ellet, Jr., from photo, by Rehn & Hum — Close of the Battle of Memphis, from drawing by Rear-Admiral Walke (F. H. Schell and T. Hogan) — Practicing on a River Picket ( W. Taber).
SAWING OUT THE CHANNEL ABOVE ISLAND )
NUMBER TEN \ ... .COLONEL J. IV. BISSELL 460
Illustrations : Method of Cutting t he Channel ( W. Taber) — Map of the Corrected Line of t he Channel above Island Number Ten, cut by the Engiueer Regiment (Jacob Wells).
COMMENT ON COLONEL BISSELL'S PAPER GENERAL SCHUYLER HAMILTON . . .462
THE OPPOSING FORCES AT NEW MADRID (ISLAND NUMBER TEN), FORT PILLOW, AND
MEMPHIS Composition, Strength, and Losses -±63
CONTENTS OF VOLUME ONE. xix
SHILOH.
PAGE
THE BATTLE OF SHILOH GENERAL ULYSSES S. GRANT 465
Illustrations : General U. S. Grunt, from photo, (with Autograph) — On the Skirmish Line fW. Tuber)
— Outline Map of the Shiloh Campaign (Jacob Wells) — Mrs. Crump's House and the Landing below the House, from photo'.- (George Gibson) —New Shiloh Church and shiloh Spring, in the Ravine South of the Chapel, from photo's (W. II. T>rake) — Map of the Field of Shiloh, from General Grant's "Memoirs"— First Position of Waterhouse's Battery, from sketch by E. W. Andrews, M. D. (E. J. Meeker) — Con- federate Charge upon Prentiss's (amp on Sunday Morning (A. G. Redwood) — Checking the Confederate Advance on the Evening of the First Day (Edwin Forbes) —Present Aspect of the Old Hamburg Road which led up to the '-Hornets' Nest," from photo. (Fred. B. Schell)— Major-General B. M. Prentiss, from Brady photo.— Brigadier-General W. H. L. Wallace, from photo.— Ford where the Hamburg Road Crosses Lick Creek, from photo. (Fred. B. Schell) — Bridge over Snake Creek by which General Lew- Wallace's Troops reached the Field, from photo. (Fred. B. ScJiell) — Bivouac of the Federal Troops (T. de Thulstrup) —Wounded and Stragglers on the Way to the Landing (T. de Thulstrup) — Above the Landing: The Store, ami a part of the National Cemetery, from photo, lent by Captain A. T. Andreas (E. J. Meeker).
SHILOH REVIEWED GENERAL DON CARLOS BUELL 487
Illustrations: Battery Forward! (W. Taber)— Pittsburg Landing, viewed from the Ferry Landing on the opposite Shore, from photo. Ienl by Captain A. T. Andreas (E. J. Meeker) —Pittsburg Landing, from photo, lent by W. II. Chamberhn (J. 0. Davidson) —The Landing at Savannah, from photo. (F. B. Schell) — Major-General Alexander McD. McCook, from Brady photo.— Pittsburg Landing in the Summer of 1884, from photo. (F. B. Schell) — Map Showing the Union Camps at Shiloh, fac-simile of original— Map of the Field of shiloh. revised and amended by General Buell (Jacob Wells)— The. "Hornets' Nest": Prentiss's Troops and Hickenlooper's Battery repulsing Hardee's Troops, and Gib- son's Brigade charging Hurlbut's Troops in the "Hornets' Nest," from the Cyclorama of Shiloh at Chicago (II. A. Ogden) — The Official, or Thorn, Map of the Battle of Shiloh (Jacob Wells) — In the " Hornets Nest " (two views on W.H. L. Wallace's Line), from the Cyclorama at Chicago (H. C. Edwards)
— The Siege-battery, above the Landing, from photo. Lent by W. H. Chamberlin (W. Taber) — Buell's Troops debarking at Pittsburg Landing (T.de Thulstrup) — Major-General Thomas J. Wood, from .steel portrait, by permission of D. Van Nostrand— Major General Thomas L. Crittenden, from Brady photo.
— Capture of a Confederate Battery (T. de Thulstrup) — Scene in a Union Field-hospital (A. C. Redwood).
SKIRMISHING IN SHERMAN'S FRONT ROBERT IV. MEDKIRK 537
THE OPPOSING FORCES AT SHILOH. Composition, Strength, ami Losses 537
ALBERT SIDNEY JOHNSTON AT SHILOH. » COL. WILLIAM PRESTON JOHNSTON . :^
By his Son S
Illustrations: Albert Sidney Johnston at the Age of Thirty-five, from miniature — General Albert Sidney Johnston at the Ageof Fifty-seven, from photo.— Fac-simile of Autograph found inside the Cover of General Johnston's Pocket-map of Tennessee — Birthplace of Albert Sidney Johnston, Washington, Ky., from photo. (C. A. Xandcrhoof) —Fort Anderson, Paducah, in April, 1862, after lithograph from sketch '.y A. E. Mathews (H. C. Edwards) — Camp Burgess, Bowling Green, after lithograph from sketch by A. E. Mathews (E. J. Meeker) — Map of Kentucky and Tennessee (Jacob Wells) — Battle of Logan's Cross Roads, or Mill Springs, after lithograph from drawing by A. E. Mathews ( II'. Taber) — Col- onel Sehoepf's Troops crossing Fishing Creek on the way to join General Thomas, after lithograph from sketch by A. E. Mathews (E. J. Meeker) —Confederate Types of 1862 (A. C. Redwood) — Map used by the Confederate Generals a* Shiloh, by permission of D. Appleton & Co.— Lieutenant-General W. J. Hardee, C. 8. A., from photo, lent by < lolonel Charles C. Jones, Jr.— Map of Battle of Shiloh (Part I.) and Map of Battle of Shiloh (Part II.), by permission of D. Appleton & Co.— Vicinity of the " Hornets' Nest," from photo's lent by Captain A. T. Andreas (W. L. Lathrop) — Scene of General Albert Sidney Johnston's Death, from photo. (W. Taber)— Map of Battle of Shiloh (Part III.), by permission of D. Apple- ton & Co.
THE CAMPAIGN OF SHILOH GENERAL G. T. BEAUREGARD 569
Illustrations : Preaching at the Union Camp Dick Robinson, Kentucky, after lithograph from sketch by A. E. Mathews (E. J. Meeker) — Lieutenant-General John C. Breckinridge, C. S. A., from Anderson- (ook photo.— Slaves Laboring at Night on the Confederate Earth- works at Coiinth ( W. L. Sheppard) — Five Corinth Dwellings, from photo's ( II'. J. Fenn)— Major-General Bushrod R. Johnson, C. S. A., from Andersen-Cook photo.— The "Hornets' Nest," from photo, lent by Captain A. T. Andreas (E. J. Meeker)
— The Union Gun-boats at Shiloh on the Evening of the First Day, after lithograph from sketch by A. E. Mathews (H. M. Eaton).
N0TESaT)F,M„ n°„NFEDERATE STAFF-°FFICER I . .GENERAL THOMAS JORDAN
AT SHILOH S
Illustrations: A Confederate Private of the West, from ambrotype — A Union Battery taken by Surprise (R. F. Zoybaum J— The Last Stand made by the Confederate Line (R. F. Zogbaum).
xx CONTENTS OF VOLUME ONE.
PAGE
SURPRISE AND WITHDRAWAL AT SHILOH COLONEL S. H. LOCKETT 604
Illustration: Initial (R. /•'. Zogbaum).
THE SHILOH BATTLE ORDER AND THE f
WITHDRAWAL SUNDAY EVENING . I COLONEL A. R. CHISOLM 606
THE MARCH OF LEW WALLACE'S DIVISION TO SHILOH.
With Documents submitted by General Lew Wallace 607
Map <>f the Routes l>y which General Grant was reenforced (Jacob Wills).
NAVAL PREPARATIONS.
THE UNION AND CONFEDERATE NAVIES PROFESSOR J. R. SOLEY 611
Illustrations: A Frigate of the Olden Time: the "Independence," built in 181-1, from photo. (Gran- ville Perkins) — Roman War Galley — Liue-of-battle Ship of the 17th Century — The U. S. Frigate "Mer- rimac " before and after Conversion into an Iron-clad (J. O. Davidson) — The Navy Yard, Washington, in 1861, from war-time sketch (A. R. Waud) — The Old Navy Department Building, Washington, from photo. (W. Tabcr) — Launch of the " Dictator," from photo, lent by Delamater <fc Co. Cir. Taber) —Monitor "Weehawken" in a Storm (Granville Perkins) — Gideon Welles, Secretary of the U. S. Navy, from Brady photo.— Gustavus V. Fox, Assistant-Secretary of the U. S. Navy, from photo.— William Faxon, Chief Clerk of the U. S. Navy Department during the War, from photo, by Prescott & White.
COAST OPERATIONS IN THE CAROLINAS.
EARLY COAST OPERATIONS IN NORTH CAROLINA. . GENERAL RUSH C. HAIVKINS 632
(Including Capture and Defense of Hatteras Island, Land and Water Fighting at Koanoke Island, the Two Squadrons at Elizabeth City, Battle of New Berne, Siege of Fort Maeou, Battle of South Mills, and other Operations.)
Illustrations: Uniform of Hawkins's Zouaves, from photo. (H. A. Ogden) — Rear-Admiral Silas H. Stringham, from Brady photo. — Map of Early Coast Operations in North Carolina (Jacob Wells) — Forts Hatteras and Clark, froin war-time sketch (A. R. Waud) —The " Cumberland " Sailing into Action, and Union Fleet Bombarding Forts Hatteras and Clark, from war-time sketches (F. H. Schell and Thomas Flof/an) — Retreat of the Confederates to their Boats after their Attack upon Hatteras ( ir. Taber) — Land- ing of the Union Troops at Hatteras, from war-time sketch (A. If. Waud) — Map of the Operations at Roanoke Island, from Official Records — Map of the Battle-held of Roanoke Island, from Official Records — Union Assault upon the Three-gun Battery, Roanoke Island, from war-time sketch (F. B. Schell) — Vice-Admiral S. C. Rowan, from Brady photo.— Brigadier-General L. O'B. Branch, from photo.— Bombardment of Fort Thompson during the Battle of New Berne, from war-time sketch (F. H. Schell) — Major-General John G. Foster, from Brady photo.— Map of Operations in the Battle of New Berne (Jacob Wells) — Assault of Union Troops upon Fort Thompson, from war-time sketch (F. H. Schell)
— Fort Macon after its Capture by the Union Forces, from war-time sketch by F. H. Schell (Thomas lUxjan) — Map of the Engagement at South Mills (Fred. E. Sitts) — Passage, of the Union Boats through the Dismal Swamp Canal, from war-time sketch by Horatio L. Wait (E. J. Meeker).
THE BURNSIDE EXPEDITION GENERAL A. E. BURNSIDE 660
Illustrations : Union Lookout, Hatteras Beach, froni war-time sketch (A. R. Waud) —Uniform of the First Rhode Island (H. A. Ogden) — Brevet Brigadier-General Rush C. Hawkins, from Brady photo.— Rear-Admiral L. M. Goldsborough, from photo, lent by Henry Carey Baird — General Burnside's Head- quarters, Roanoke Island, from war-time sketch by F. H. Schell (Thomas Hogan) — General Burnside at the Confederate Cotton Battery, New Berne, from war-time sketch by F. H. Schell (Thomas Hogan) — Brigadier-General Robert B. Vance, from tintype.
THE OPPOSING FORCES AT ROANOKE ISLAND AND NEW BERNE, NORTH C/
DU PONT AND THE PORT ROYAL EXPEDITION REAR-ADMIRAI 071
Illustrations : General View of Hilton Head after its Capture by the U v lew of Post- Office, Hilton Head, from war time sketches (Xanthus Smith) — Brevet L Thomas W. Sher- man, from Brady photo.— Map of the Coast of South Carolina and i>e arolina (Jacob Wells)
— Rear-Admiral Samuel F. Du Pont, from photo, lent by Hora< tin-boat i" Seneca ." and Sloop of War "Vandalia," from war-time sketches (Xanthus ' ■■ Naval Attack at Hilton
CONTENTS OF VOLUME ONE. xxi
PAGE
Head, Nov. 7, 1861 (Jacob Wells) — Gun-boat " Mohawk," the Guard-ship at Port Royal — Attack of the Union Fleet at Hilton Head — Ten-inch Shell-gun which threw the Opening Shot from the Flag-ship "Wabash" — Bay Point and Fort Beauregard after Capture, and Rifle-gun at Fort Beauregard, Ave pictures from war-time sketches (Xanthus Smith ) — Battle of the Union Fleet with Forts Beauregard and Walker, and Hoisting the Stars and Stripes over Fort Walker, from war-time sketches (Frank H. Schell) — Brigadier-General Thomas F. Drayton, C. S. A., from Brady photo.— Captain Percival Drayton, U. S. N., from Brady photo. — Old Headquarters, Hilton Head, and Pope's House, Hilton Head, used by the Union Army as Signal Station, from war-time sketches (Xanthus Sm ith) — Union Signal Station, Beaufort, S. C, House of J. G. Barnwell and Fuller's House, Beaufort, S. C, from Gardner photo's (T. F. Moessner),
THE OPPOSING FORCES AT PORT ROYAL. Composition and Losses 691
kk MONITOR" AND "MERRIMAC/"
THE FIRST FIGHT OF IRON-CLADS COLONEL JOHN TA YLOR WOOD 692
Illustrations: Head-piece (W. H. Drake)— Burning of Frigate "Merrimac" and of GosportNavy Yard, and Remodeling " Merrimac " at Gosport Navy Yard (J. O. Davidson) — Fac-simile of sketch of "Merrimac" made the day lief ore the fight by Lieutenant B. L. Blackford — Lieutenant Catesby ap R. Jones, from photo, by Courret Hermans, Lima, Peru — Admiral Franklin Buchanan, C. S. N., and Commodore Josiah Tattnall, C. S. N., from photo, by D. J. Ryan— Colonel John Taylor Wood, from oil- portrait by Gait —Map of Hampton Roads and Adjacent Shores (Jacob Wells)— The "Merrimac " ramming the "Cumberland" (J. <>. Davidson) — Lieutenant George U. Morris, from photo. —The "Merrimac" driving the "Congress" from her anchorage (J. O Davidson)— Escape of part of the Crew of the "Con- gress" (J. O. Davidson) — Explosion on the burning "Congress" (J. 0. Davidson) — Lieutenant Joseph B. Smith, from photo, by Black and Batchelder— Encounter between the "Monitor" and the "Merri- mac" at short range (J. <>. Davidson)— Captain G. J. Van Brunt, from photo. — The "Monitor" in Battle-trim, from tracing lent by Commander S. D. Greene.
WATCHING THE "MERRIMAC" GENERAL R. E. COLSTON 712
Illustr YTIOK : The "Merrimac" passing the Confederate Battery on Craney Island (J. <>. Davidson).
HOW THE GUN-BOAT "ZOUAVE" AIDED THE »
1(^^dccc« ACTING MASTER HENRY REANEY. . .714
CONGRESS I
THE PLAN AND CONSTRUCTS OK THE \ COMMANDER JOHN M. BROOKE 715
" MERRIMAC " \ CONSTRUCTOR JOHN L. PORTER. . . 71 6
Illustration: Cross-section of the •• Merrimac," From a drawing by John L. Porter.
NOTES ON THE "MONITOR "-"MERRIMAC" FIGHT. .SURGEON DINWIDDIE B. PHILLIPS. ..718
IN THE "MONITOR " TURRET COMMANDER S. DANA GREENE 719
Illustrations: Arrival of the "Monitor" at Hampton Roads (J. O. Davidson) — Rear- Admiral John L. Worden, from photo. —Side Elevation and Deck-plan of the "Monitor," lent by Captain John Ericsson — Bird's-eye view of " Monitor "-" Merrimac " Fight (J. o. Davidson) —Fart of the Crew of the " Monitor," from Gardner photo.— Commander Samuel Dana Greene, from photo, by Halleck.
THh BUILDING OF THE "MONITOR" CAPTAIN JOHN ERICSSON 730
Illustrations: Captain John Ericsson, from Brady photo.— Longitudinal Plan through Center Line of Original Monitor: 1, aft section; 2, central section; 3, forward section — Plan of Berth-deck of Original Monitor — auu .transverse Section of Hull of Original Monitor, from drawings lent by Captain Ericsson — View showing Effect of Shot on the "Monitor" Turret, from Gardner photo.— Side Eleva- tion of Floating Revolving Circular Tower, published by Abraham Bloodgood in 1807 — Floating Circular Citadel submitted to French Directory in 1798, from "Engineering" (W. Tdber) — Side Eleva- tion and Transverse Section of Iron-clad Steam Battery proposed by Captain Ericsson to Napoleon III. in 1854, lent by Captain Ericsson — Engineer Isaac Newton, from medallion portrait by Launt Thompson— Transverse section of the "Monitor" through the center of the turret, lent by Captain Ericsson — Sinking of the "Monitor." December 22, 1862 (J. O. Davidson).
THE LOSS OF THE " MONITOR " FRANCIS B. BUTTS 745
NEGOTIATIONS FOR THE BUILDING OF THE " MONITOR" 748
(Including Letters from C. S. Bushnell, Captain John Ericsson, and Secretary Gideon S. Welles.) Illustration: Union Soldier's Candlestick (W. Taber).
xxii CONTENTS OF VOLUME ONE.
MAPS.
PAGE I S-UirvTxriTir* TiAofc r\nnTtr\\ar\ liv 1 Si tvnmiQ .Ton 1 Si ft 1 • limit nf +ov_
THE UNITED STATES
( Showing posts occupied by U. 8. troops Jan. 1, 1861; limit of ter- ( ritoi'i
i'y controlled by U. S. forces Jidy, 1S61 ; and blockade stations. . 8
PENSACOLA HARBOR, FLORIDA, MAY 27, 1861 28
CHARLESTON HARBOR AND VICINITY, SOUTH CAROLINA 44
EASTERN VIRGINIA AND MARYLAND 113
HARPER'S FERRY, VIRGINIA 115
CAMPAIGNS IN WEST VIRGINIA, 1801 129
COMBAT AT RICH MOUNTAIN, WEST VIRGINIA 131
GAULEY BRIDGE AND VICINITY, WEST VIRGINIA 142
AFFAIR AT CARNIFEX FERRY, WEST VIRGINIA 145
DEFENSES OF WASHINGTON, D. C, JULY, 1861 172
OUTLINE MAP OF THE FIRST BULL RUN BATTLE-FIELD 180
THE FIRST BULL RUN CAMPAIGN 1 99
TOPOGRAPHICAL MAP OF THE FIRST BULL RUN BATTLE-FIELD .* 204
PLAN OF THE FIRST BULL RUN BATTLE-FIELD 233
OPERATIONS IN MISSOURI, 1861 203
BATTLE OF WILSON'S CREEK, OR OAK HILLS, MISSOURI 290
SIEGE OF LEXINGTON, MISSOURI 309
BATTLE OF PEA RIDGE, OR ELKHORN TAVERN, ARKANSAS 322
BATTLE-FIELD NEAR BELMONT, MISSOURI 350
REGION OF FOOTE'S OPERATIONS 361
FORT HENRY, TENNESSEE 363
KENTUCKY AND TENNESSEE 378
BATTLE OF LOGAN'S CROSS ROADS, OR MILL SPRINGS, KENTUCKY 38.8
BIG SANDY RIVER AND MIDDLE-CREEK BATTLE-FIELD, KENTUCKY 394
FORT DONELSON, TENNESSEE 402
REGION OF THE OPERATIONS OF THE WESTERN FLOTILLA 436
MILITARY AND NAVAL OPERATIONS ABOUT ISLAND NUMBER TEN, MISSISSIPPI RIVER, 437
CORRECTED LINE OF THE CHANNEL ABOVE ISLAND NUMBER TEN 401
OUTLINE MAP OF THE SHILOH CAMPAIGN, WEST TENNESSEE 400
THE FIELD OF SHILOH. From General Grant's "Personal Memoirs." „ 470
LOCATION OF THE UNION CAMPS AT SHILOH 490—497
THE FIELD OF SHILOH. Prom the Official Map, revised and amended by Gen. D. C. Buell, 502—503
OFFICIAL, OR THOM, MAP OF SHILOH 508
KENTUCKY AND TENNESSEE 545
MAP USED BY THE CONFEDERATE GENERALS AT SHILOH 551
BATTLE OF SHILOH. PART I. From Col. W. P. Johnston's "Life of Gen. A. S. Johnston." 556
" << " " II. " " '•■ " 560
" " " <• |H. " " ''• " 566
ROUTES BY WHICH GENERAL GF r WAS REENFORCED AT PITTSBURG LANDING . . . 008
EARLY COAST OPERATIONS i NOR I I ! CAROLINA 034
OPERATIONS AT ROANOKE ISLAND, NORTH CAROLINA 041
BATTLE-FIELD OF ROANOKE 1SL AN ^ 043
BATTLE OF NEW BERNE, NORTH ( AROLINA 651
CONTENTS OF VOLUME ONE. xxiii
PAGE
ENGAGEMENT AT SOUTH MILLS, NORTH CAROLINA 656
COAST OF NORTH AND SOUTH CAROLINA 673
NAVAL ATTACK AT HILTON HEAD, SOUTH CAROLINA 678
HAMPTON ROADS, VIRGINIA, AND ADJACENT SHORES 699
ARTISTS
BRIDIVELL, H. L.
BURNS, M. J. COCKS, J. H. DAVIDSON, J. O. DAVIS, THEO. R. DAY, FRANK DRAKE, WILL. H. EATON, HUGH M. EDWARDS, G. W. EDWARDS, H. C. FENN, HARRY
FENN, IV A L TER J. FORBES, EDWIN GIBSON, GEORGE GO ATE R, WALTER H. HOGAN, THOMAS HOSIER, ABRAM HUNT, WILLIAM M. KEMBLE, E. W. LATHROP, W. L. MEEKER, EDWIN J. MOESSNER, T. F.
OGDEN, HENRY A. PENNELL, JOSEPH PERKINS, GRANVILLE REDWOOD, ALLEN C. SCHELL, FRANK H. SCHELL, FRED. B. SH ELTON, W. H. SHEPPARD, W. L. SMITH, SIDNEY L. SMITH, XANTHUS STEPHENS, C. H.
TABER, WALTON THULSTRUP, T. DE VANDERHOOF, C. A. VOLCK, A. J. WALKE, HENR Y,
U. S. N WAUD, ALFRED R. WAUD, WILLIAM WOODWARD, J. D. ZOGBAUM, RUFUS F.
BROWN, G. H.
DRAUGHTSMEN.
KEMP, J S. SITTS, FRED. E.
WELLS, JACOB
ENGRAVERS
AITKEN, PETER ANDREWS, JOHN AT WOOD, K. C. BABCOCK, H. E. BARTLE, G. P. BOGERT, J. A. BUTLER, T. A. CLEMENT, E. CLEMENT, J. COLE, TIMOTHY COLLINS, R. C. DANA, W. J. DAVIDSON, H. DAVIS, SAMUEL ERTZ, EDWARD
EVANS, J. W. FAY, GASTON FILLEBROWN, .F. E. GARDNER, E. D. HAY MAN, ARTHUR HEARD, T. H HEINEMANN, E. HELD, E. C. HIRSCHMANN, W. A. HO SKINS, ROBERT IRWIN, ALLEN JOHNSON, THOMAS JUNGLING, J. F. KARST, JOHN KILBURN, S. S.
KINGSLEY, E LB RIDGE KLASEN, W. KRUELL, G. LINDSAY, A. LOCKHARDT, A.. MOLLIER, WILLIAM MORSE, WILLIAM H. MULLER, R. A. NAY LOR, JESSIE NEGRI, A. NICHOLS, DAVID OWENS, MARY L. PECK WELL, H. W. POWELL, C. A. REED, C. H.
ROBERTS, W. SCHUSSLER, T. SCHWARTZBURGER, C. SPIEGLE, CHARLES STATE, CHARLES SYLVESTER, H. E. TICHENOR, E. R. TIETZE, R. G. TYNAN, JAMES VELTEN, H. WHITNEY, J. H. E. WILLIAMS, G. P. WINHAM, E. A. WOLF, HENRY WRIGHT, C.
4*
W--y^ ••
• ■
: ■ ■ '
PRELIMINARY EVENTS.
FROM THE CHARLESTON CONVENTION TO THE FIRST BATTLE OF BULL RUN.
APRIL 23. The National Convention of the Democratic Party assembled at Charleston, ■ S. C. Dissensions arising in regard to the question of congressional protection of slavery in the territories, the Southern delegates with- drew, organized another convention in Charles- ton, and adjourned May 4th. to meet in Rich- mond, Va., June 11th.
May 3. The Douglas, or Northern, wing of the Convention adjourned, to reassemble at Balti- more, Md., June 18th.
May 9. The Convention of the Constitutional Union Party (formerly the American, or "Know- Nothing," Party), held at Baltimore, Md., nomi- nated John Bell, of Tennessee, for President, and Edward Everett, of Massachusetts, for Vice- President, and adopted a platform evading the slavery issue.
May 18. The National Convention of the Repub- lican Party, held at Chicago, nominated Abraham Lincoln, of Illinois, for President, and Hannibal Hamlin, of Maine, for Vice-President, and pro- nounced in favor of congressional prohibition of slavery in the territories.
June 23. The Northern " Democratic National Convention," at Baltimore, nominated Stephen A. Douglas, of Illinois, for President, and Ben- jamin Fitzpatrick, for Vice-President. (The latter declined, and the National Committee substituted Herschel V. Johnson, of Georgia.) The convention declared in favor of leaving the question of slavery in the territories to the people of the territories, or to the Supreme Court of the United States.
June 28. The Southern " Democratic National Convention" (adjourned from Richmond) nomi- nated, at Baltimore, Md., John C. Breckinridge, of Kentucky, for President, and Joseph Lane, of Oregon, for Vice-President. The conven- tion declared that neither Congress nor a ter- ritorial legislature had the right to prohibit slavery in a territory, and that it was the duty of the Federal Government, in all its depart-
1860.
ments, to protect slavery in the territories when necessary. November 6. Presidential election, resulting as follows :
States.
Lincoln 17
Breckinridge 11
Douglas 2
BeL 3
Electoral Votes.
. . ' 180 72
Popular Vote. . 1,866,352 845,763 12 1,375,157
39 589,581
December 3. Meeting of Congress. Message from President Buchanan arguing against the right of secession, but expressing doubt as to the con- stitutional power of- Congress to make war upon a State.
December 6. Select Committee of Thirty-three appointed by the House of Representatives to take measures for the perpetuity of the Union. (See " February 28.")'
December 10. Resignation of Howell Cobb, of Georgia, Secretary of the Treasury.
December 12. Arrival of General Winfield Scott in Washington, to advise with the President.
December 14. Resignation of Lewis Cass, of Michigan, Secretary of State. «
December 20. Ordinance of secession adopted in South Carolina by a convention called by the Legislature of the State.
December 26. United States troops, under Major Robert Anderson, transferred from Fort Moul- trie to Fort Sumter, S. C.
December 27. Castle Pinckney and Fort Moul- trie, Charleston Harbor, seized by the South Carolina authorities.
December 27. Surrender Revenue cutter William ties of South Carolina.
December 27. Arrival in Washington of Messra Barnwell, Orr, and Adams, Commissioners from South Carolina, to treat with the administration.
December 29. Resignation of John B. Floyd, of Virginia, Secretary of War.
December 30. United States Arsenal, at Charles- ton, S. C, seized by the State authorities.
of the United States Aiken to the authori-
PRELIMINARY EVENTS.
1861.
January 2. Fort Johnson, Charleston Harbor, seized by State authorities.
January 3. Fort Pulaski, Ga., seized by State authorities.
January 4. United States Arsenal, at Mt. Vernon, Ala., seized by State authorities.
January 5. Forts Morgan and Gaines, Mobile Bay, Ala., seized by State authorities.
January 5. Departure of first expedition for re- lief of Fort Sumter, S. C, from N. Y. Harbor.
January 6. United States Arsenal, at Apalachi- cola, Fla., seized by State authorities.
January 7. Fort Marion, St. Augustine, Fla., seized by State authorities.
January 8. Resignation of Jacob Thompson, of Mississippi, Secretary of the Interior.
January 9. Ordinance of secession adopted in Mississippi.
January 9. Fort Johnston, N. C, seized by citi- zens of Smithville.
January 9. The Star of the West, conveying relief to Fort Sumter, fired upon at the entrance to Charleston Harbor and driven back.
January 10. Fort Caswell, N. C, seized by citi- zens of Smithville and Wilmington.
January 10. Ordinance of secession adopted in Florida.
January 10. United States troops, under Lieut. Adam J. Slemmer, transferred from Barrancas Barracks to Fort Pickens, Pensacola, Fla.
January 10. Reenforcements for the troops at Pensacola sailed from Boston, Mass.
January 10. United States Arsenal and Barracks at Baton Rouge, La., seized by State authorities.
January 11. Ordinance of secession adopted in Alabama.
January 11. Surrender of Fort Sumter, S. C, demanded by Governor Pickens, of South Caro- lina, and refused by Major Anderson.
January 11. Forts Jackson and St. Philip, La., seized by State authorities.
January 11. United States Marine Hospital, near New Orleans, La., seized by State authorities.
Januai-y 12. Barrancas Barracks, Forts Barran- cas and McRee, and the Navy Yard at Pensa- cola, Fla., seized by State authorities.
January 12. Surrender of Fort Pickens, Fla., demanded by the Governors of Florida and Ala- bama and refused by Lieutenant Slemmer.
January 14. Fort Taylor, Key West, Fla., gar- risoned by United States troops.
January 14. Fort Pike, La., seized by State authorities.
January 15. United States Coast Survey steamer Dana seized at St. Augustine, Fla.
January 15. Second demand for the surrender of Fort Pickens, Fla.
January 18. Third demand for the surrender of Fort Pickens, Fla.
January 19. Ordinance of secession adopted in Georgia.
January 20. Fort on Ship Island, Miss., seized by State authorities.
January 24. Reenforcements for Fort Pickens, Fla., sailed from Fort Monroe, Va.
January 24. United States Arsenal, at Augusta, Ga., seized by State authorities.
January 26. Oglethorpe Barracks and Fort Jack- son, Ga., seized by State authorities.
January 26. Ordinance of secession adopted in Louisiana.
January 28. Fort Macomb, La., seized by State authorities.
January 28. United States property in hands of army officers seized at New Orleans, La.
February 1. Ordinance of secession adopted in Texas.
February 1. United States Mint and Custom House, at New Orleans, La., seized by State authorities.
February 4. Meeting at Washington of a Peace Conference, representing 13 Free and 7 Border States, called at the request of the Virginia Legislature. (See " February 28.")
February 4. Convention of seceded States met at Montgomery, Ala.
February 6. Tke^Brooklyn arrived off Pensacola with reenforcements for Fort Pickens, Fla.
February 7. The Choctaw Nation of Indians de- clared its adherence to the Southern States.
February 8. United States Arsenal, at Little Rock, Ark., seized by State authorities.
February 8. A " Constitution for the Provisional Government of the Confederate States of Amer- ica" adopted at Montgomery, Ala., by deputies from the States of Alabama, Florida, Georgia, Louisiana, Mississippi, and South Carolina.
February 9. Jefferson Davis, of Mississippi, elected President, and Alexander H. Stephens, of Georgia, Vice-President, of " the Confederate States of America," by the Montgomery Con- vention, or Provisional Congress.
February 13. Abraham Lincoln and Hannibal Hamlin officially declared elected President and Vice-President of the United States.
February 15. Resolution passed by Confederate Congress for appointment of Commissioners to the Government of the United States.
February 16. United States Arsenal and Bar- racks at San Antonio, Tex., seized by State authorities.
February 18. All United States military posts in Texas surrendered to the State authorities by General David E. Twiggs, U. S. Army.
February 18. Jefferson Davis and Alexander H. Stephens inaugurated at Montgomery, Ala
February 20. Act passed by Confederate Con- gress to provide munitions of war.
February 21. Camp Cooper, Texas, abandoned by United States troops. (During the next six months other United States military posts in Texas and New Mexico were abandoned. — See map, page 8.)
February 23. Abraham Lincoln arrived in Wash- ington.
February 26. Act passed by Confederate Con- gress to organize a general staff for the army.
February 28. Adoption by the United States House of Representatives of the amendment offered by the Committee of Thirty-three, for-
PRELIMINARY EVENTS.
bidding any interference by Congress with slavery in the States. (This amendment was adopted by the Senate March 2, but was never adopted by the necessary number of States.)
February 28. Act passed by Confederate Con- gress to raise provisional forces.
March 1. The President of the Confederate States assumed control of military affairs in the States of Alabama, Florida, Georgia, Louisiana, Mis- sissippi, South Carolina, and Texas.
March 2. United States Revenue cutter Dodge seized at Galveston, Tex., by State authorities.
March 2. Texas admitted as a member of the Confederate States of America.
March 3. Brig. -General G. T. Beauregard, C. S. Army, assumed command at Charleston, S. C.
March 4. Abraham Lincoln inaugurated as Presi- dent of the United States.
March 6. Confederate Congress passed act for the establishment of an army, not to exceed 100,000 men, for 12 months' service.
March 7. Ringgold Barracks, Tex., abandoned.
March 7. Camp Verde, Tex., abandoned.
March 11. Brig. -General Braxton Bragg assumed command of the Confederate forces in Florida.
March 11. Adoption of the "Constitution of the Confederate States of America," at Montgomery, Ala., following in general the Constitution of the United States, but prohibiting the passage of any "law denying or impairing the right of property in negro slaves"; prohibiting "the im- portation of negroes of the African race from any foreign country other than the slave-holding States and territories of the United States of America," and giving to the Confederate Con- gress "power to prohibit the introduction of slaves from any State not a member of, or terri- tory not belonging to," the Confederacy. The preamble included a declaration of the "sover- eign and independent character" of each State.
March 15. Confederate Congress passed act au- thorizing the construction or purchase of ten gun-boats.
April 7. Reinforcements for Fort Pickens sailed from New York.
April 10. Second expedition for the relief of Fort Sumter sailed from New York.
April 11. Evacuation of Fort Sumter demanded by General Beauregard.
April 12. Reenforcements from Fort Monroe, Va., landed at Fort Pickens, Fla.
Apr'! 12. Bombardment of Fort Sumter com- menced.
April 13. Fort Sumter surrendered.
April 14. Fort Sumter evacuated by its garrison and occupied by Confederate troops.
April 15. President Lincoln issued a call for 75,000 militia for 3 months' service, and a summons to Congress to assemble on July 4th.
April 15. Fort Macon, N. C, seized by State authorities.
April 16. FortsCaswell and Johnston, N.C., seized by State authorities.
April 17. Reenforcements from New York landed at Fort Pickens, Fla.
April 17. Confederate President called for 32,000
troops, and offered letters of marque against United States commerce.
April 17. Oi*dinance of secession adopted in Vir- ginia by Convention, subject to popular vote.
April 1 8. United States Armory at Harper's Ferry abandoned and burned.
April 19. President Lincoln announced the blockade of Southern ports, from South Carolina to Texas inclusive.
April 19. Conflict between U. S. troops and mob in Baltimore, Md.
April 19. Major-General Robert Patterson, Penn- sylvania Militia, assigned to command over the States of Delaware, Pennsylvania, and Maryland, and the District of Columbia.
April 20. Expedition from Fort Monroe to destroy dry-dock at Norfolk, Va.
April 20. United States Arsenal at Liberty, Mo., seized by armed secessionists.
April 21 . United States Branch Mint at Charlotte, N. C, seized by State authorities.
April 21. Colonel Earl Van Dorn, C. S. Army, assumed command in Texas.
April 22. United States Arsenal at Fayetteville, N. C, seized by State authorities.
April 23. Fort Smith, Ark., seized by State au- thorities.
April 23. United States army officers at San An- tonio, Tex., seized as prisoners of war.
April 23. Company of 8th U. S. Infantry (Lee's) captured near San Antonio, Tex.
April 23. Captain Nathaniel Lyon, U. S. Army, assumed temporary command of the Department of the West.
April 23. Major-General Robert E. Lee assigned to the command of the forces of Virginia.
April 26. Major-General Joseph E. Johnston, Vir- ginia Volunteers, assigned to command of the State forces in and about Richmond, Va.
April 27. Blockade of Virginia and North Caro- lina ports announced.
April 27. Major-General Robert Patterson, Penn- sylvania Militia, assigned to command of the Department of Pennsylvania.
April 27. Brig.-General B. F. Butler, Massachu- setts Militia, assigned to command of the Department of Annapolis.
April 27. Colonel J. K. F. Mansfield, U. S. Army, assigned to command of the Department of Washington.
April 27. Colonel T. J. Jackson, Virginia Volun- teers, assigned to command at Harper's Ferry.
May 1. Volunteer forces called for by the Gov- ernor of Virginia.
May 3. Additional forces called for in Virginia.
May 3. President Lincoln issued call for volun- teers to serve three years ; ordered the regular army to be increased, and directed the enlist- ment of additional seamen.
May 4. Colonel G. A. Porterfield, Virginia Vols., assigned to command in Northwestern Virginia.
May 6. Ordinance of secession adopted in Ar- kansas.
May 6. Confederate Congress passed act ''rec- ognizing the existence of war between the United States and the Confederate States, and
PRELIMINARY EVENTS.
concerning letters of marque, prizes, and prize goods."
May 7. Tennessee entered into military league with the Confederate States.
May 7. Arlington Heights, Va., occupied by Vir- ginia troops.
May 7. Virginia admitted as a member of the Confederate States of America.
May 9. Exchange of shots between U.S. steamer Yankee and the batteries at Gloucester Point, Va.
May 10. Major-General Robert E. Lee assigned to command of Confederate forces in Virginia.
May 10. Camp Jackson, St. Louis, Mo., captured by U. S. forces under Captain Nathaniel Lyon.
May 11. Riot in St. Louis, Mo.
May 11. Brig.-General W. S. Harney, U. S. Army, resumed command of the Department of the West.
May 13. Brig.-General Ben. McCulloch,C. S. Army, assigned to command in the Indian Territory.
May 13. Baltimore occupied by General Butler.
May 13. Major-General G. B. McClellan, U. S. Army, assigned to command of the Department of Ohio, including a portion of West Virginia.
May 15. Brig.-General J. E. Johnston, C. S. Army, assigned to command near Harper's Ferry, Va.
May 15. Brevet Major-General George Cadwal- ader, Pennsylvania Militia, superseded General Butler in the Department of Annapolis.
May 17. Acts passed by Confederate Congress providing, upon certain conditions, for the ad- mission of North Carolina and Tennessee as members of the Confederate States of America.
May 18. Naval attack on batteries at Sewell's Point, Va.
May 20. Ordinance of secession adopted in North Carolina.
May 21. Brig.-General M. L. Bonham, C. S. Army, assigned to command on the "Alex- andria Line," Va.
May 21. Colonel J. B.Magruder, Provisional Army of Virginia, assigned to command at Yorktown.
May 21. Convention between General Harney, U. S. Army, and General Sterling Price, Mis- souri State Guard, with a view to the preserva- tion of order in the State.
May 22. Brig.-General B. F. Butler assigned to command at Fort Monroe, Va.
May 23. Demonstration against Hampton, Va.
May 23. Brig.-General Benj. Huger, Virginia Vol- unteers, assigned to command at Norfolk, Va.
May 24. Resolutions of mediation and neutrality adopted in Kentucky.
May 24. Union troops advanced into Virginia and occupied Arlington Heights and Alexandria.
May 26-30. Union troops advanced from the Ohio River and occupied Grafton, West Virginia.
May 27-29. Union troops advanced from Fort Monroe and occupied Newport News, Va.
May 28. Brig.-General Irvin McDowell, IT. S. Army, assumed command of the Department of Northeastern Virginia.
May 31. Brig.-General Nathaniel Lyon super- seded General W. S. Harney in command of the Department of the West.
May 31. Naval attack on batteries at Aquia Creek, Va.
June 1. Skirmishes at Arlington Mills and Fair- fax Court House, Va.
June 2. Brig.-General Beauregard superseded Gen- eral Bonham in command on the "Alexandria Line."
June 3. Action at Philippi, W. Va.
June 5. Naval attack on batteries at Pig Point, Va.
June 6. Brig.-General Henry A. Wise, C. S. Army, ordered to command in the Kanawha Valley, W. Va.
June 6. Virginia State military and naval forces transferred to the Confederate States.
June 7. Confederate reeonnoissance from York- town to Newport News, Va.
June 8. Brig.-General R. S. Garnett, C. S. Army, assigned to command in Northwestern Va.
June 10. Engagement at Big Bethel, or Bethel Church, Va.
June 10. Brig.-General Beauregard in command of all Confederate forces in Prince William, Fair- fax, and Loudoun counties, Va.
June 11. Maj. -General Cadwalader superseded by Maj. -General Banks in Department of An- napolis.
June 13. Descent of Uniorutroops upon Romney, W. Va.
June 15. Harper's Ferry, Va., evacuated by Con- federate forces.
June 17. Engagement at Booneville, Mo.
June 17. Action at Camp Cole, Mo.
June 17. Action at Vienna, Va.
July 2. General Patterson's command crossed the Potomac at Williamsport.
July 2. Advance of General George H. Thomas's command , and engagement at Falling Waters, Va.
July 5. Engagement near Carthage, Mo.
July 8. Brig.-General Henry H. Sibley, C. S. Army, ordered to Texas to expel Union forces
from New Mexico.
\
July 9. Skirmish at Vienna, Va.
July 10. Skirmish at Laurel Hill, W. Va.
July 11. Engagement at Rich Mountain, W. Va.
July 13. Major-General Leonidas Polk. C. S. Army,
assumed command of Department No. 2, with
headquarters at Memphis. July 13. Action at Carrick's Ford, W. Va. July 13. Surrender of Pegram's Confederate forces
in Western Virginia. July 14. Brig.-General H. R. Jackson ordered to
command of Confederate forces in Western Va. July 15. Military forces, stores, etc., of Arkansas
transferred to the Confederate States. July 16. Union advance toward Manassas, Va. July 17. Confederate army Retired to the lint of
Bull Run, Va. July 17. Skirmish at Fairfax Court House, Va. July 18. Skirmish at Mitchell's Ford, Va. July 18. Action at Blackburn's Ford, Va. July 18-21. Confederate forces' from the Shenan- doah Valley, under General Joseph E. Johnston,
reenforced the army of General Beauregard at
Manassas, Va. July 20. Brig.-General William W. Loring, C. S.
Army, assigned to command of "Northwestern
Army" (Western Virginia). July 21. Battle of Bull Run, or Manassas, Va.
ORGANIZATION OF THE TWO GOVERNMENTS.
THE UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT.
I. THE BUCHANAN ADMINISTRATION.
(1857-1861.)
President: James Buchanan (Pa.) Vice-President : John C. Breckinridge* (Ky.) Secretary of State.: Lewis Cass (Mich.); Jeremiah S.
Black (Pa.), appointed Dec. 17, i860. Secretary of War: John B. Floyd* (Va.) ; Jo'seph
Holt (Ky.) fad interim}, Dec. 31, 1860; regularly ap- pointed Jan. 18, 1861. Secretary of the Navy: Isaac Toucey (Conn.) Secretary of the Treasury: Howell Cobb* (Georgia) ;
Philip F. Thomas (Md.), appointed Dec. 12, 1860; John
A. Dix (N. Y.), appointed Jan. 11, 1861. Attorney-General : Jeremiah S. Black; Edwin M.
Stanton (Pa.), appointed Dec. 20, 1860. Secretary of the Interior: Jacob Thompson* (Miss.) Postmaster- General : Aaron V. Brown (Tenn.), died
Mar. 8, 1859 ; Joseph Holt (Ky.), appointed Mar. 14, 1859 ;
Horatio King (Maine), appointed Feb. 12, 1861.
II. THE LINCOLN ADMINISTRATION.
(1861-1865.)
President : Abraham Lincoln (111.)
Vice-President : Hannibal Hamlin (Maine).
Secretary of State : William H. Seward (New York).
Secretary of War: Simon Cameron (Pa.); Edwin M. Stanton (Pa.), appointed Jan. 15,1862.
Secretary of the Navy : Gideon Welles (Conn.)
Secretary of the Treasury: Salmon P. Chase (Ohio); W. P. Fessenden (Maine), appointed July 1, 1864; Hugh McCclloch (Ind.), appointed March 7, 1865.
Secretary of the Interior: Caleb B. Smith (Ind.); John P. Usher (Ind.), appointed January 8, 1863.
Attorney- General: Edward Bates (Mo.) ; James Speed (Ky.), appointed Dec. 2, 1864.
Postmaster-General : Montgomery Blair (Md.) ; William Dennison (Ohio), appointed September 24, 1864.
THE UNITED STATES WAR DEPARTMENT.
Secretary of War : Joseph Holt (appointed Jan. 18, 1861) ; Simon Cameron (appointed March 5, 1861) ; Edwin M. Stanton (appointed January 15, 1862).
Assistant Secretaries of War: Thomas A. Scott (ap- pointed Aug. 3, 1861; Peter II. Watson (appointed Jan. 24, 1862) ; John Tdcker (appointed Jan. 29, 1862) ; Chris- topher P. Wolcott (appointed .Tune 12. 1862; resigned Jan. 23, 1863); Charles A. Dana (appointed August, 1863). (Colonel Scott wns regularly commissioned under the act of August 3, 1861, authorizing the ap- pointment of one assistant secretary of war. Sub- sequently three assistant secretaries were authorized by law.)
Adjutant- General's Department: Colonel Samuel Cooper* (resigned March 7, 1861); Brig.-Gen. Lorenzo Thomas (assigned to other duty March 23, 1863) ; Colonel Edward D. Townsend.
Quartermaster's Department : Brig.-Gen. Joseph F. Johnston* (resigned April 22, 1861); Brig.-Gen. Mont- gomery C. Meigs.
Subsistence Department: Colonel George Gibson (died Sept. 29, 1861) ; Brig.-Gen. Joseph P. Taylor (died Jan. 29, 1864) ; Brig.-Gen. Amos B. Eaton.
Medical Department: Colonel Thomas Lawson (died May 15, 1861) ; Colonel Clement A. Finley (retired April
14. 1862) ; Brig.-Gen. William A. Hammond; Brig.-Gen. Joseph K. Barnes (appointed Aug. 22, 1864).
Pay Department : Colonel Benjamin F. Larned (died Sept. 6, 1862); Colonel Timothy" P. Andrews (retired Nov. 29, 1864); Brig.-Gen. Benjamin W. Brice.
Corps of Topographical Engineers: Colonel John J. Abert (retired Sept. 9, 1861); Colonel Stephen H. Long. (This corps was consolidated with the "Corps of En- gineers," under act of March 3. 1863.)
Coips of Engineers: Brig.-Gen. Joseph G. Totten (died April 22, 1864) ; Brig.-Gen. Richard Delafield.
Ordnance Department: Colonel Henry" K. Craig (until April 23, 1861) ; Brig.-Gen. James W. Ripley (re- tired Sept. 15, 1863); Brig.-Gen. George D. Ramsay (retired Sept. 12, 1864); Brig.-Gen. Alexander B. Dyer.
Bun mi of Military Justice: Major John F. Lee (re- signed Sept. 4, 1862); Brig.-Gen. Joseph Holt.
Bureau of the Provost Marshal General (created by act of March 3, 1863) : Brig.-Gen. James B. Fry.
General Officers of the United States Army, January 1, 1861 : Brevet Lieut. -Gen. Winfield Scott (General-in- chief) ; Brig.-Generals : John E. Wool, David E. Twiggs,* William S. Harney. (Note.— E. V. Sumner was promoted Brigadier-General March 16, 1861, rice David E. Twiggs, dismissed March 1, 1861.)
THE UNITED STATES NAVY DEPARTMENT.
Secretary of the Nary : Gideon Welles.
Assistant Secretary: Gustavus V. Fox.
Yards and Docks : Rear- Admiral Joseph Smith.
Ordnance and Hydrography : Captain George A. Ma- grcder (dismissed April 22, 1861) ; Captain Andrew A. Harwood (relieved July 22, 1862) ; Rear- Admiral J< >hn A. Dahlgren (relieved June 24, 1863) ; Commander Henry A. Wise. (By act of Congress of July 5, 1862, " Hydrog- raphy " was transferred to the Bureau of Navigation.)
Navigation (established by act of July 5, 1862) : Rear- Admiral Charles A. Davis.
Equipment and Recruiting (established by act of July
5, 1862) : Bear-Admiral Andrew H. Foote (relieved June 3, 1863) ; Commander Albert N. Smith.
Construction, Equipment, and Repair : Chief Naval Constructor John Lentiiall. (By act of July 5, 1862, the "Equipment and Recruiting" Bureau was organ- ized, and thereafter the old bureau was designated as " Construction and Repair.")
Provisions and Clothing: Pay-Director Horatio Bridge.
Medicine and Surgery: Surgeon William Whelan.
Steam-Engineering (established by act of July 5. 1862) : Engineer-in-Chief Benjamin F. Isherwood.
* Afterward in the Confederate service.
6
ORGANIZATION OF THE TWO GOVERNMENTS.
THE CONFEDERATE STATES GOVERNMENT.
President: Jefferson Davis (Miss.) Vice-President: Alexander H. Stephens (Ga.)
II. REORGANIZATION.
I. PROVISIONAL ORGANIZATION.
(Feb. 8, 1861.)
Secretary of State: Robert Toombs (Ga.), Feb. 21, 1861 ; R. M. T. Hunter, (Va.) July 24, 1861.
Secretary of War: Leroy P. Walker (Ala.), Feb. 21, 1861; Judah P. Benjamin (La.), Sept. 17, 1861.
Secretary of the Navy: Stephen R. Mallory (Fla.), Feb. 25, 1861.
Secretary of the Treasury : Charles G. Memminger (S. C), Feb. 21, 1861.
Attorney-General : Judah P. Benjamin, Feb. 25, 1861 ; Thomas Bragg, (Ala.), Sept. 17, 1861.
Postmaster-General: J. H. Reagan (Texas), March 6, 1861.
(Feb. 22, 1862, to April, 1865.)
Secretary of State : R. M. T. Hunter, July 24, 1861 ; Judah P. Benjamin, March 17, 1862.
Secretary of War: Judah P. Benjamin, Sept. 17, 1861; George W. Randolph, March 17, 1862; Gustavus W. Smith, acting, Nov. 17, 1862; James A. Seddon, Nov.
20, 1862; JOHN C. BRECKINRIDGE, Jan. 28, 1865.
Secretary of the Navy : Stephen R. Mallory.
Secretary of the Treasury : C. G. Memminger ; George A. Trenholm, June, 1864.
Attorney-General : Thomas Bragg; Thomas H. Watts (Ala), March 17, 1862 ; George Davis (N. C), 1864-5.
Postmaster-General : John H. Reagan.
THE CONFEDERATE STATES WAR DEPARTMENT.
Secretary of War: (see above).
Assistant Secretary of War: Albert T. Bledsoe (April l, 1862) ; John A. Campbell (October 20, 1862).
Adjt. and Insp. -Gen's Dep't: General Samtjel Cooper.
Quarter 'master-General's Dep't: Colonel Abram C. Myeks (March 15, 1861); Brig.-Gen. A. R. Lawton (Aug. 10, 1863).
Commissary-General's Dep't: Colonel Lucius B Nor- throp (March 16, 186D ; Brig.-Gen. I. M. St. John (Feb- ruary 16, 1865).
Ordnance Dep't: Brig.-Gen. Josiah Gorgas.
Engineer Bureau : Maj.-Gen. Jeremy F. Gilmer.
Medical Dep't: Brig.-Gen. Samuel P. Moore.
Nitre and Mining Bureau : Brig.-Gen. I. M. St. John; Colonel Richard Morton (Feb. 16, 1865).
Conscription Bur earn : Brig.-Gen. John S. Preston, Chief; Col. T. P. August, Siipt.
Prison Camps: Brig.-Gen. John H. Winder.
Exchange of Prisoners : Col. Robert Ould, Chief.
Commissioner of Patents : Rufus R. Rhodes.
THE CONFEDERATE STATES NAVY DEPARTMENT.
Assis't Surgeon John De
Secretary of the Navy : Stephen R. Mallory.
Orders and Detail: Captain French Forrest; Com- mander John K. Mitchell.
Ordnance and Hydrography : Commander George Minor; Commander John M. Brooke:.
Provisions and Clothing. Bree. Medicine and Surgery: Surgeon W.
WOOD.
A. W. Spots-
GOVERNORS OF THE STATES DURING THE WAR.
UNION STATES: California, John G. Downey (1860-1), Leland Stanford (1861-3), Frederick F. Low (1863-8); Co7inecticut, William A. Buckingham (1858-66) ; Delaware, William Burton (1859-63), William Cannon (1863-7) ; Illinois, Richard Yates (1861-5) ; Indiana, Oliver P. Morton (1861-7) ; Iowa, Samuel J. Kirk wood (1860-4), William M. Stone (1864-8); Kansas, Charles Robinson (1861-3), Thomas Carney (1863-5); Maine, Is- rael Washburn, Jr. (1861-3), Abner Coburn (1863-4), Samuel Cony (1864-7) ; Massachusetts, John A. Andrew (1861-6) ; Michigan, Austin Blair (1861-4), Henry H. Crapo (1865-9) ; Minnesota, Alexander Ramsey (1859-63). Stephen Miller (1863-6) ; Nevada (State admitted 1864), Henry G. Blasdell (1864-71); New Hampshire, Icha- bod Goodwin (1859-61), Nathaniel S. Berry' (1861-3), Joseph A. Gilmore (1863-5) ; New Jersey, Charles 8. Olden (1860-3), Joel Parker (1863-6) ; New York, Edwin D.Morgan (1859-63), Horatio Seymour (1863-5), Reu- ben E. Fenton (1865-9); Ohio, William Dennison (1860-2), David Tod (1862-4), John Brough (1864-5); Oregon, John Whittaker (1859-62), Addison C Gibbs (1862-6); Pennsylvania, Andrew G. Curtin (1861-7); Rhode Island, William Sprague (1860-1), John R. Bart- lett, acting (1861-2), William C. Cozzens, acting (1863). James Y. Smith (1863-5); Vermont, Erastus Fairbanks (1860-1), Frederic Holbrook (1861-3), J. Gregory Smith (1863-5) ; West Virginia (admitted 1863), Provi- sional Governor, Francis H. Peirpoint (1861-3), Ar-
thur I. Boreman (1863-9) ; Wisconsin, Alexander W. Randall (1857-61), Louis P. Harvey (1861-2), Edward Salomon (1862-3), James T. Lewis (1863-6).
CONFEDERATE STATES: Alabama, Andrew B. Moore (1857-61), John Gill Shorter (1861-3), Thomas H. Watts (1863-5) ; Arkansas, Henry M. Rector (1860-3), Harris Flanagin (1863-4), Isaac Murphy (1864-8); Florida, Madison S. Perry (1857-61), John Milton (1861-5); Georgia, Joseph E. Brown (1857-65) ; Louisiana, Thomas O. Moore (1860-4), Henry w. Allen i 1864-5); Union Military Governors, George F. Shepley (1862-4), Michael Hahn (1864-5) ; Mississip2)i, John J. Pettus (1860-2), Charles Clarke (1863), Jacob Thompson (1863-4) ; North Carolina, John W. Ellis (1859-61), H. T. Clark, acting (1861-2), ZebulonB. Vance (1862-5) ; South Carolina, Francis W. Pickens (1860-2), M. L. Bonham (1862-4), A. G. Magrath (1864-5) ; Tennessee, Isham G. Harris (1857-65), Andrew Johnson, Uniou Military Governor (1862-5); Texas, Samuel Houston (1859-61), Edward Clark, acting (1861), Francis R. Lubbock 1861-3), Pendleton Miirrah (1863-5) ; Virginia, John Letcher (1860-4), William Smith, (1864-5).
BORDER STATES : Kentucky, Beriah Magoffin (1859-62), James F. Robinson (1862-3) ; Thomas E. Bram- lette (1863-7) ; Maryland, Thomas H. Hicks (1857-61), A. W. Bradford (1861-5) ; Missouri, C. F. Jackson (1861) ; Union, H. E. Gamble (1861-4), T. C. Fletcher (1864-8).
N. B.— The Confederate Government of Kentucky was provisional in its character. George W. Johnson was elected Governor by the Russellville Convention in November, 1861. He served until he was killed in action at the battle of Shiloh. Richard Hawes was elected by the Provisional Council of Kentucky to succeed him, and acted as the Confederate Provisional Governor of Kentucky from 1862 until the close of the war.— In Missouri Thomas C. Reynolds was the Confederate Governor from 1862 to 1865 ; but after 1861 a Confederate Governor of Missouri was little more than a name.— In Tennessee, Governor Harris being ineligible to a fourth term, Robert L. Caruthers was elected Governor in August, 1863. Tennessee and ber capital being then occupied by the United States forces, Mr. Caruthers was never inaugurated, and Governor Harris held over under the law.
WASHINGTON ON THE EVE OF THE WAR.
BY CHARLES P. STONE, BRIGADIER-GENERAL, U. S. V.
ALL who knew Washington in the clays of December, ^*- 1860, know what thoughts reigned in the minds of thinking men. Whatever then daily occupations, they went about them with their thoughts always bent on the possible disasters of the near future. The country was in a curious and alarming condition : South Caro- lina had already passed an ordinance of secession, and other States were preparing to follow her lead. The
' '?';:. ^jw^l|p3Tv-' only regular troops near the capital of the country were 300 or 400 marines at the marine barracks, and 3 offi cers and 53 men of ordnance at the Washington arsenal.
:\
ROTUNDA OF THE CAPITOL IN 18
The old militia system had been abandoned (without being legally abolished), and Congress had passed no law establishing a new one. The only armed vol- unteer organizations in the District of Columbia were : The Potomac Light Infantry, 1 company, at Georgetown; the National Rifles, 1 company, in Washington ; the Washington Light Infantry, of about 160 men, and another small organization called the National Guard Battalion. It had been evident for months that, on assembling in December, Congress would have far dif- ferent work to consider than the organization of the District of Columbia militia. Nor in the delicate position of affairs would it be the policy of Presi- dent Buchanan, at the outset of the session, to propose the military organiza- tion of the Federal District. It was also evident that, should he be so disposed, the senators and representatives of the Southern States would oppose and denounce the project.
What force, then, would the Government have at its disposal in the Federal District for the simple maintenance of order in case of need ? Evidently but a handful ; and as to calling thither promptly any regular troops, that was out of the question, since they had already all been distributed by the Southern sympathizers to the distant frontiers of the Indian country, — Texas, Utah, New Mexico, Oregon, and Washington Territory, ft Months would have been
•& hi December, 18GO, the military forces of the United States consisted of 1108 officers and 15,- 259 men of the regular army; total, 16,367. The distribution of the army may be inferred from the map printed on page S, and from the .following "memorandum" (made on the 6th of December, 1875), by Adjutant-General E. D. Townsend, exhibiting " certain changes in the sta- tions of troops made under the orders of the Sec- retary of War, John B. Floyd, during the years 1858-60":
" After the removal of the troops to Kansas and Utah at the close of Indian hostilities in Florida, in June, 1858, there were left in the coun- try east of the Mississippi River 16 companies of artillery. From that time (June, 1858) till Decem-
ber 31, 1860, some changes of stations occurred, by which the Department of the East gained 3 com- panies (2 of artillery and 1 of engineers), so that at the end of 1860 there were 18 companies of artillery and 1 of engineers serving east of the Mississippi River. There were no troops in the neighborhood of Washington during the whole of Secretary Floyd's term of office. In the spring and summer of 1860 the force in Utah was reduced to 3 companies of dragoons, 3 companies of artillery, and 4 companies of infantry. The remainder (13 companies of infantry and 2 of dragoons) were sent to New Mexico, relieving 1 regiment of infantry al- ready there, which thereupon proceeded to Texas. No other changes of importance were made during the period in question."— Editors.
WASHINGTON ON THE EVE OF THE WAR.
9
necessary to concentrate at Washington, in that season, a force of three thousand regular troops. Even had President Buchanan been desirous of bring- ing troops to the capital, the feverish condition of the public mind would, as
the executive believed, have been badly affected by any movement of the kind, and the approaching crisis might have been precipitated. I saw at once that the only force which could be readily made of service was a volunteer force raised from among the well-disposed men of the Dis- trict, and that this must be organized, if at all, under the old law of 1799. By consultation with gentlemen well acquainted with the various classes of Washington society, I endeavored to learn what proportion of the able-bodied population could be counted on to sustain the Government should it need support from the armed and organized citizens.
On the 31st of December, 1860, Lieutenant-General Scott, General-in-Chief of the army (who had his head- quarters in New York), was in Washington. The Presi- dent, at last thoroughly alarmed at the results of continued concessions to secession, had summoned him for consulta- tion. On the evening of that day I went to pay my respects to my old commander, and was received by him at Worm- ley's hotel. He chatted pleasantly with me for a few minutes, recalling past service in the Mexican war, etc.; and when the occasion presented itself, I remarked that I was glad to see him in good spirits, for that proved to me that he took a more cheerful view of the state of public affairs than he had on his arrival — more cheerful than we of Washington had dared to take during the past few days. " Yes, my young friend," said the general, " I feel more cheerful about the affairs of the country than I did this morning ; for I believe that a safer policy than has hith- erto been followed will now be adopted. The policy of entire conciliation, which has so far been pursued, would soon have led to ruin. We are now in such a state that a policy of pure force would precipitate a crisis for which we are not prepared. A mixed policy of force and concilia- tion is now necessary, and I believe it will be adopted and carried out." He then looked at his watch, rose, and said : " I must be with the President in a quarter of an hour," and ordered his carriage. He walked up and down the dining-room, but suddenly stopped and faced me, saying: " How is the feeling in the District of Columbia I What proportion of the population would sustain the Govern- ment by force, if necessary ? "
" It is leral," I replied, " that two-thirds of
INIFORM OF THE NATIONAL RIFLES. (FROM A PHOTOGRAPH.)
UNIFORM OF THE POTOMAC
LIGHT INFANTRY.
(FROM A, PHOTOGRAPH.)
IO
WASHINGTON ON THE EVE OF THE WAR.
WINFIELD SCOTT, BREVET LIEUTENANT-GENERAL, TJ. S. A. (FROM A PHOTOGRAPH.)
General Scott was General-in-Cbief of the army until November 1, 1861, when he was placed upon the
retired list on his own application, and was succeeded by Major-General George B. McClellan.
He died at West Point in May, 1866, in his eightieth year.
the fighting stock of this population would sustain the Government in defend- ing itself, if called upon. But they are uncertain as to what can be done or what the Government desires to have done, and they have no rallying-point." The general walked the room again in silence. The carriage came to the door, and I accompanied him toward it. As he was leaving, he turned sud- denly, looked me in the face, placed his hand on my shoulder, and t
1
W ASHING TON ON THE EVE OF THE WAR.
1 1
f;.T.
"These people have no rallying -point, Make yourself that rallying -
point ! "
The next day I was commissioned by the President colonel in the staff and Inspector-G-eneral of the District of Columbia. I was mustered into the service of the United States from the 2d day of January, 1861, on the special requisi- tion of the General-in-Chief, and thus was the first of two and a half millions called into the mili- tary service of the _____ Government to de- fend it against seces- sion.
I immediately en- tered upon my duties, commencing by in- spections in detail of the existing organi- zations of volunteers. The Potomac Light Infantry company, of Georgetown, I found fairly drilled, well armed, and, from careful infor- mation, it seemed to me certain that the majority of its members could be depended upon in case of need, but not all of them.
On the 2d of January, I met, at the entrance of the Metropolitan Hotel, Captain Schaeffer, of the " National Rifles " of Washington, and I spoke to him about his company, which was remarkable for drill. Schaeffer had been a lieutenant in the Third United States Artillery, and was an excellent drill- master.
He had evidently not yet heard of my appointment as Inspector-General, and he replied to rny complimentary remarks on his company :
" Yes, it is a good company, and I suppose I shall soon have to lead it to the banks of the Susquehanna ! " " Why so f " I asked.
" Why ! To guard the frontier of Maryland and help to keep the Yankees from coming down to coerce the South ! "
I said to him quietly that I thought it very imprudent in him, an employee of the Department of the Interior and captain of a company of District of Columbia volunteers, to use such expressions. He replied that most of his men were Marylanders, and would have to defend Maryland. I told him that he would soon learn that he had been imprudent, and advised him to think more seriously of his position, but did not inform him of my appointment, which he would be certain to learn the f olio wing morning from the newspapers. It must be admitted that this was not a very cheerful beginning.
HEADQUARTERS OF GENERAL WINFIEM) SCOTT, WASHINGTON. (FROM A WAR-TIME SKETCH.)
12
WASHINGTON ON THE EVE OF THE WAR.
cpf^
ifrw-am
Ml
i* -
1/ "^
It!
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THE WASHINGTON ARSENAL. (FROM A WAR-TIME PHOTOGRAPH.)
On inspecting the " National Rifles," I found that Schaeffer had more than 100 men on his rolls, and was almost daily adding to the number, and that he had a full supply of rifles with 200 rounds of ball cartridges, two mountain
howitzers with harness and carriages, a supply of sabers and of revolv- ers and ammunition, all drawn from the United States arsenal. I went to the Chief of Ordnance, to learn how it was that this company of riflemen happened to be so un- usually armed ; and I found at the Ordnance Office that an order had been given by the late Secretary of War (John B. Floyd) directing the Chief of Ordnance to cause to be issued to Captain Schaeffer "all the ordnance and ordnance stores that he might require for his company ! " I ascertained also that Floyd had nominated Captain Schaeffer to the President for the commission of major in the District of Columbia militia, and that the commission had already been sent to the President for his signature.
I immediately presented the matter to the new Secretary of War (Joseph Holt), and procured from him two orders, — one, an order to the Chief of Ordnance to issue no arms to any militia or volunteers in the District of Columbia unless the requisition should be countersigned by the Inspector- General; the other, an order that all commissions issued to officers of the District of Columbia should be sent to the Inspector-General for delivery.
An office was assigned me in the War Department, convenient to the army- registers and near the Secretary of War, who kindly gave orders that I should at all times be admitted to his cabinet without waiting, and room was made for me in the office of Major-General Weightman, the senior major-general of the District, where each day I passed several hours in order to confer with him, and to be able promptly to obtain his authority for any necessary order.
The Washington Light Infantry organization and the National Guard were old volunteers composed of Washington people, and were almost to a man faithful to the Government. Of their officers, Major-General Weightman, though aged, and Major-General Force, aged and infirm, were active, and true as steel ; Brigadier-Generals Bacon and Carrington were young, active, and true. Brigadier-General Robert Ould, who took no part in the preparations of the winter, joined the Confederates as soon as Virginia passed her ordinance of secession, and his known sentiments precluded consultation with him.
WASHINGTON ON THE EVE OF THE WAR.
*3
Having thus studied the ground, and taken the first necessary steps toward security, I commenced the work of providing a force of volunteers. I addressed individual letters to some forty well-known and esteemed gentle- men of the District, informing each one that it would be agreeable to the Government should he in his neighborhood raise and organize a company of volunteers for the preservation of order in the District. To some of these let- ters I received no replies ; to some I received replies courteously declining the service ; to some I received letters sarcastically declining ; but to many I received replies enthusiastically accepting the service, In about six weeks thirty-three companies of infantry and riflemen and two troops of cavalry were on the lists of the District volunteer force ; and aU had been uniformed, equipped, and put under frequent drill.
The Northern Liberties fire companies brought their quota ; the Lafayette Hose Company was prompt to enroll; the masons, the carpenters,, the stone- cutters, the painters, and the German turners responded: each corporation formed its companies and drilled industriously. Petty rivalries disappeared, and each company strove to excel the others in drill and discipline. While the newly organized companies thus strove to perfect themselves, the older organizations resumed their drills and filled their ranks with good recruits.
The National Rifles company (Captain Schaeffer's) was carefully observed, and it was found that its ranks received constant accessions, including the most openly declared secessionists and even members of Congress from the Southern States. This company was very frequently drilled in its armory, and its recruits were drilled nearly every night.
Having, as Inspector-General, a secret service force at my disposition, I placed a detective in the company, and had regular reports of the proceed- ings of its captain. He was evidently pushing for an independent command of infantry, artillery, and cavalry, having his rifles, cannon, sabers, and revolv- ers stored in his armory. He also began to prepare for action, ordering his men to take their rifles and equipments home with them, with a supply of ammunition, so that even should his armory be occupied, they could assemble on short notice, ready for action. Meantime, his commission as major was signed by the President and sent to me.
I reported these matters to General Scott, who ordered me to watch these proceedings carefully, and to be ready to suppress any attempt at violence ;
but to avoid, if pos- sible, any shock, for, said he, "We are now in such a state that a dog-fight might cause the gutters of the capital to run with blood."
While the volunteer force for the support of the Government
THE COLUMBIAN ARMORY, WASHINGTON. (FROM A WAR-TIME SKETCH. )
M
WASHINGTON ON THE EVE OF THE WAR.
JOSEPH HOLT, SECRETARY OF WAR FROM DEC. 31, 1860, UNTIL MARCH i, 1861. (FROM A PHOTOGRAPH.)
was organizing, another force with exactly the opposite purpose was in course of formation. I learned that the great hall over Beach's livery stable was nightly filled with men who were actively drilled. Doctor B , of well-known seces- sion tendencies, was the moving spirit of these men, and he was assisted by other citizens of high standing, among whom was a connection of Governor Letcher of Virginia. The nnmbers of these occupants of Beach's hall increased rapidly, and I found it well to have a skillful New York detective officer, who had been placed at my disposition, en- rolled among them. These men called lselves "National Volunteers," and in their meetings openly discussed the lire of the national capital at the proper moment. They drilled industri- ously, and had regular business meetings, full reports of which were regularly laid before me every following morning by " the New York member." In the meet- ing at which the uniform to be adopted was discussed, the vote was for gray Ken- tucky jeans, with the Maryland button. A cautious member; suggested that they must remember that, in order to procure arms, it would be " necessary to get the requisition signed by ' Old Stone,' and if he saw that they had adopted the Maryland button, and not that of the United States, he might suspect them and refuse the issue of arms ! "
Doctor B supported the idea of the Maryland button, and said that, if
Stone refused the arms, the Governor of Virginia would see them furnished, etc. These gentlemen probably little thought that a f idl report of their remarks would be read the next morning by " Old Stone " to the General- in-Chief.
The procuring of arms was a difficult matter for them, for it required the election of officers, the regular enrolling of men, the certificate of elections, and the muster-rolls, aU to be reported to the Inspector-General. The subject was long discussed by them, and it was finally arranged that, out of the 360 men, a pretended company should be organized, officers elected, and the demand for arms made. This project was carried out, and my member brought to me early the next morning the report of the proceedings, inform- ing me that Doctor B had been elected captain, and would call on the
Inspector-General for arms. Sure enough Doctor B presented himself in
my office and informed me that he had raised a company of volunteers, and desired an order for arms. He produced a certificate of election in due form. I received him courteously, and informed him that I could not give an order for arms without having a muster-roll of his men, proving that a full one hundred had signed the rolls. It was desirable to have the names of men holding such sentiments and nursing such proje^J • were known to be theirs.
\
WASHINGTON ON THE EVE OF THE WAR. i5
He returned, I think, on the following day, with a muster-roll in due form, containing the names of one hundred men. This was all that I wanted, looked him full in the face, smiled, and locked the muster-roll in a drawer of my desk, saying :
" Doctor B , I am very happy to have obtained this list, and I wish yc
good-morning."
The gallant doctor evidently understood me. He smiled, bowed, and lef the office, to which he never returned. He subsequently proved the sincerity principles by abandoning his pleasant home in Washington, his large and ^ able property, and giving his earnest service to the Confederate car The
" National Volunteer " organization broke up without further trou
Next came the turn of Captain Schaeffer. He entered my offi< • 'ay
with the air of an injured man, holding in his hand a requisitio d
ammunition, and saying, that, on presenting it at the Orel 1
been informed that no arms could be issued to him v- . al. I
informed him that that w^as certainly cor] the l of the Sec-
retary of War was general. I told hath ..ay in his possession
more rifles than were re< i11 : .nat he could have no more.
He then said, sulki] ith his pany he could easily take the arms
he wanted. I • • hi • . :; and he replied :
" You i . tiers guarding the Columbian armory, where there
are plenty of am , and those four- men could not prevent my taking them."
"Ah!" I replied, "in what part of the armory are those arms kept?" He said they were on the upper floor, which was true.
" Well," said I, " you seem to be well informed. If you think it best, just try taking the arms by force. I assure you that if you do you shall be fired on by 150 soldiers as you come out of the armory."
The fact was, that only two enlisted men of ordnance were on duty at the Columbian armory, so feeble was the military force at the time. But Barry's battery had just arrived at the Washington arsenal, and on my application General Scott had ordered the company of sappers and miners at West Point to come to Washington to guard the armory ; but they had not yet arrived. The precautions taken in ordering them were thus clearly proved advisable.
The time had evidently come to disarm Captain Schaeffer ; and when he reached his office after leaving mine, he found there an order directing him to deposit in the Columbian armory, before sunset on that day, the two howitz- ers with their carriages which he had in his possession, as well as the sabers and revolvers, as these weapons formed no part of the proper armament of a company of riflemen. He was taken by surprise, and had not time to call together men enough to resist ; so that nothing was left to him but to comply with the order. He obeyed it, well knowing that if he did not I was prepared to take the guns from his armory by means of other troops.
Having obeyed, he presented himself again in my office, and before he had time to speak I informed him that I had a commission of major for his name. He was much pleased, and said : " Yes, I heard that I had been appointed." I then handed him a slip of paper on which I had written out the form of
i6
WASHINGTON ON THE EVE OF THE WAR.
oath which the old law required to be taken by officers, that law never having been repealed, and said to him :
" Here is the form of oath yon are to take. Yon wiU find a justice of the
peace on the next floor. Please qualify, sign the form in du- plicate, and bring both to me. One wiU be filed with your let- ter of acceptance, the other will be filed in the clerk's office of the Circuit Court of the District."
He took the paper with a sober look, and stood near my table several minutes look- ing at the form of oath and turning the paper over, while I, apparently very busy with my papers, was observing him closely. I then said :
"Ah, Schaeft'er, have you already taken the oath P " No," said he. "Well, please be quick about it, as I have no time to spare."
He hesitated, and said slowly :
" In ordinary times I would not mind tak- ing it, but in these
times "
"Ah ! " said I, " you decline to accept your commission of major. Very well !" and I returned his commission to the drawer and locked it in. " Oh, no," said Schaeffer, " I want the commission."
" But, sir, you cannot have it. Do you suppose that, in these times, which are not, as you say, ' ordinary times,' I would think of delivering a commission
JAMES BUCHANAN, PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES FROM MARCH i, 1857, UNTIL MARCH i, 1861. FROM A PHOTOGRAPH.
WASHINGTON ON THE EVE OF THE WAR.
17
of field-officer to a man who hesitates about taking the oath of office f Do you think that the Government of the United States is stupid enough to allow a man to march armed men about the Federal District under its authority, when that man hesitates to take the simple oath of office I No, sir, you can- not have this commission ; and more than that, I now inform you |hat you hold no office in the District of Colum- bia volunteers."
" Yes, I do ; I am captain, and have my commission as such, signed by the President and delivered to me by the major-general."
" I am aware that such a paper was delivered to you, but you failed legally to accept it."
" I wrote a letter of acceptance to the adjutant-general, and forwarded it through the major-general."
" Yes, I am aware that you did ; but I know also that you failed to inclose in that letter, according to law, the form of oath required to accompany all letters of acceptance; and on the register of the War Department, while the issuance of your commission is recorded, the acceptance is not re- corded. You have, never legally ac- cepted your commission, and it is now too late. The oath of a man who hesitates to take it will not now be accepted."
So Captain Schaeffer left the " Na- tional Rifles," and with him left the secession members of the company. I induced quite a number of true men to join its ranks ; a new election was ordered, and a strong, loyal man (Lieu- tenant Smead of the 2d Artillery) was elected its captain. Smead was then on duty in the office of the Coast Survey, and I easily procured from the War Department permission for him to accept the position.
If my information was correct, the plan had been formed for seizing the public departments at the proper moment and obtaining possession of the seals of the Government. Schaeffer's part, with the battalion he was to form, was to take possession of the Treasury Department for the benefit of the new Pro- visional Government. Whatever may have been the project, it was effectually foiled. With the breaking up of the " National Volunteers " ; with the trans- formation of the secession company of " National Rifles" into a thoroughly faithful and admirably drilled company ready for the service of the Govern- ment ; with the arrival from West Point of the company of sappers and Vol. I.— 2
CHARLES I'
STONE, BRIG U>IER-GENERAL, TJ. (FROM A PHOTOGRAPH.)
S. V.
1 8 WASHINGTON ON THE EVE OF THE WAR.
miners, and, later, the arrival of the Military Academy battery under Griffin ;
ind with the formation in the District of thirty new companies of infantry
1 riflemen from among the citizens of Washington and Georgetown, the
i : things in the capital had much changed before the 4th of March.
st now go back a little in time, to mention one fact which will show in
k and dangerous a condition our Government was in the latter part of
•b and the early part of February, 1861. The invitations which I had
issu f< >r the raising of companies of volunteers had, as already stated, been
enthusiastically responded to, and companies were rapidly organized. The
preparatory drills were carried on every night, and I soon found that the men
were sufficiently advanced to receive their arms. I began to approve the
requisitions for arms ; but, to my great astonishment, the captains who first
received the orders came back to me, stating that the Ordnance Department
had refused to issue any arms ! On referring to the Ordnance Office, I was
informed by the Chief of Ordnance that he had received, the day before, an
order not to issue any arms to the District of Columbia troops, and that this
order had come from the President !
I went immediately to the Secretary of War (Mr. Holt) and informed him of the state of affairs, telling him at the same time that I did not feel disposed to be employed in child's play, organizing troops which could not be armed, and that unless the order in question should be immediately revoked there was no use for me in my place, and that I must at once resign. Mr. Holt told me that I was perfectly right ; that unless the order should be revoked there was no use in my holding my place, and he added, with a smile, " and I will also say, Colonel, there will be no use in my holding my place any longer. Go to the President, Colonel, and talk to him as you have talked to me."
I went to the White House, and was received by Mr. Buchanan. I found him sitting at his writing-table, in his dressing-gown, wearied and worried.
I opened at once the subject of arms, and stated the necessity of immediate issue, as the refusal of arms would not only stop the instruction of the volun- teers, which they needed sadly, but would make them lose all confidence in the Government and break up the organizations. I closed by saying that, while I begged his pardon for saying it, in case he declined to revoke his order I must ask him to accept my resignation at once.
Mr. Buchanan was evidently in distress of mind, and said :
" Colonel, I gave that order acting on the advice of the District Attorney, Mr. Robert Ould."
" Then, Mr. President," I replied, " the District Attorney has advised your Excellency very badly."
" But, Colonel, the District Attorney is an old resident of Washington, and he knows all the little jealousies which exist here. He tells me that you have organized a company from the Northern Liberty Fire Company."
" Not only one, but two excellent companies in the Northern Liberty, your Excellency."
"And then, the District Attorney tells me you have organized another com- pany from among the members of the Lafayette Hose Company."
FROM AN AMBROTYPE TAKEN FOR MARCUS L. WARD (AFTERWARD GOVERNOR OF NEW JERSEY) IN SPRINGFIELD, ILL., MAY 20, 18C0, TWO DAYS AFTER MR. LINCOLN'S FIRST NOMINATION.
19
20 WASHINGTON ON THE EVE OF THE WAR.
" Yes, your ncy, another excellent company."
"And the Di, ttorney tells me, Colonel, that there is a strong feeling
of enmity between those fire companies, and, if arms are put in their hands, there will be dant. ' I loodshed in the city."
" Will your Ex< excuse me if I say that the District Attorney talks
nonsense, or wors ' If the Northern Liberties and the Lafayette Hose
men wish to *' not procure hundreds of arms in the shops along
the avenue? d, [r. President, that the people of this District are
thinking l i thi gs than old ward feuds. They are thinking
whether or >nt of the United States is to allow itself to
crumble oul . its own weakness. And I believe that the
District Att no is well as I do. If the companies of volunteers
are not arm : wii and the Government will have nothing to
protect it in even a < tisturbance. Is it not better for the public
peace, your . icy, even if the bloody feud exists (which I believe is for-
gotten in a g question), — is it not better to have these men organized
and under th line of the Government ? "
The Presid it - itated a moment, and then said:
" I don't kn I you are right, Colonel ; but you must take the responsi-
bility on you no bloodshed results from arming these men."
I willingly a bed this responsibility. The prohibitory order was revoked. My companies ] d their arms, and made good use of them, learning the
manual of arms purprisingly short time. Later, they made good use of
them in susta he Government which had furnished them against
.the faction which s< on became its public enemy, including Mr. Robert Ould, who, following his convictions (no doubt as honestly as I was following mine) his earnest services to his State against the Federal
Government.
I think that t. ountry has never properly appreciated the services of those District of Columbia volunteers. It certainly has not appreciated the difficulties surmoun ■ < i in their organization. Those volunteers were citizens of the Federal District, and therefore had not at the time, nor have they ever had since, the powerful stimi lant of State feeling, nor the powerful support of a State government , tai s's pride, a State press to set forth and make much of their services. They did their duty quietly, and they did it well and faith- fully. Although not mustered into the service and placed on pay until after the fatal day when the flag was tired upon at Sumter, yet they rendered great ser- vice before that time in giving confidence to the Union men, to members of the national legislature, and also to the President in the knowledge that there was at least a small force at its disposition ready to respond at any moment to his call. It should also be remembered of them, that the first troops mustered into the service were sixteen companies of these volunteers ; and that, during the dark days when Washington was cut off from communication with the North, when railway b1 ' lo,es were burned and tracks torn up, when the Poto- mac was blockaded, i " were the only reliance of the Government for guarding the pu 'or ^reserving order and for holding
WASHINGTON ON THE EVE OF THE WAR.
21
the bridges and other outposts ; that these were the troops which recovered possession of the railway from Washington to Annapolis Junction and made practicable the reopening of communications. They also formed the advance guard of the force which first crossed the Potomac into Virginia and captured the city of Alexandria.
Moreover, these were the troops which insured the regular inauguration on the steps of the Capitol of the constitutionally elected President. I firmly
believe that without them Mr. Lincoln would never have been inaugurated. I believe that tumults would have been cre- ated, during which he would have been killed, and that we should have found our- selves engaged in a struggle, without prep- aration, and without a recognized head at the capital. In this I may be mistaken, of course, as any other man may be mis- taken; but it was then my opinion, when I had many sources of information at my command, and it remains my opinion now, when, after the lapse of many years and a somewhat large experience, I look back in cool blood upon those days of political madness.
One day, after the official declaration of the election of Mr. Lincoln, my duties called me to the House of Representa- tives ; and while standiug in the lobby waiting for the member with whom I had business, I conversed with a distinguished officer from New York. We were leaning against the sill of a window which overlooked the steps of the Capitol, where the President-elect usually stands to take the oath of office. The gentleman grew excited as we discussed the election of Mr. Lincoln, and pointing to the portico he exclaimed :
" He will never be inaugurated on those steps ! "
"Mr. Lincoln," I replied, " has been constitutionally elected President of the United States. You may be sure that, if he lives until the fourth day of March, he will be inaugurated on those steps."
As I spoke, I noticed for the first time how perfectly the wings of the Capi- tol flanked the steps in question; and on the morning of the -4th of March I saw to it that each window of the two wings was occupied by two riflemen.
I received daily numerous communications from various parts of the coun- try, informing me of plots to prevent the arrival of the President-elect at the capital. These warnings came from St. Louis, from Chicago, from Cincin- nati, from Pittsburgh, from New York, from Philadelphia, and especially from Baltimore. Every morning I reported to General Scott on the occurrences of the night and the information received by the morning's mail; and every evening I rendered an account of the day's work and received instructions for
HANNIBAL HAMLIN, VICE-PRESIDENT OF THE
UNITED STATES FROM MARCH 4, 1861, TO
MARCH 4, 18(35. (FROM A PHOTOGRAPH I
22
WASHINGTON ON '
EVE OF THE WAR.
the night. General Scott also received numerous warnings of danger to the President-elect, which he would give me to study and compare. Many of the communications were anonymous and vague. But, on the other hand, many were from calm and wise men, one of whom became, shortly afterward, a cabi- net minister; one was a railway presi- dent, another a distinguish- ed ex-gover- nor of a State, etc. In every case where the indica- tions were distinct, they were followed up to learn if real danger existed.
So; many clear indica-
tions pointed to Baltimore,
that three good detectives of the New York police force were constantly em- ployed there. These men reported frequently to me, and their statements were constantly compared with the information received from independent sources.
Doubtless, Mr. Lincoln, at his home in r Springfield, 111., received many and contradictory reports from the capital, for he took his own way of obtaining information. One night, between 11 'o'clock and midnight, while I was busy in my study over the papers of the day and evening, a card was brought to me, bearing the name " Mr. Leonard Swett," and upon it was written in the well-known hand of General Scott, " Colonel Stone, Inspector-General, may converse freely with Mr. Swett." Soon a tall gentleman of marked features entered my room. At first I thought it was Mr. Lincoln himself, so much, at first glance, did Mr. Swett's face resemble the portraits I had seen of Jfy. Lin- coln, and so nearly did his height correspond with that attributea to the President-elect. But I quickly found that the gentleman's card bore his true name, and that Mr. Swett had come directly from Mr. Lincoln, having his full confidence, to see for him the state of affairs in Washington, and report to him in person.
Mr. Swett remained several days in the capital, had frequent and long con- versations with General Scott and myself (and I suppose also with many others), and with" me visited the armories of some of the volunteer companies. As he drove with me to the railway station on his departure, Mr. Swett said :
SOUTH OK GARDEN SIDE OF THE WHITE HOUSE.— TREASURY BUILDING IN THE DISTANCE.
WASHINGTON ON THE EVE OF THE WAR.
23
" Mr. Lincoln, and in fact almost everybody, is ignorant of the vast amount of careful work which has been done here this winter, by General Scott and yourself, to insure the existence of the Government and to render certain and safe the inauguration of Mr. Lincoln. He will be very grateful to both."
I replied, with more sincerity than tact :
"Mr. Lincoln has no cause to be grateful to me. I was opposed to his elec- tion, and believed in advance that it would bring on what is evidently coming, a fearful war. The work which I have done has not been done for him, and he need feel under no obligations to me. I have done my best toward saving the Government of the country and to insure the regular inauguration of the constitutionally elected President on the 4th of next month."
As President Lincoln approached the capital, it became certain that desper- ate attempts woidd be made to prevent his arriving there. To be thoroughly informed as to what might be expected in Baltimore, I directed a detective to be constantly near the chief of police and to keep up relations with him ; while two others were instructed to watch, without the knowledge and independent of the chief of police. The officer who was near the chief of police reported regularly, until near the last, that there was no danger in Bal- timore ; but the others discovered a band of desperate men plotting for the destruction of Mr. Lincoln during his passage through the city, and by affilia- ting wth them, these detectives obtained the details of the plot.
Mr. Lincoln passed through Baltimore in advance of the time announced for the journey (in accordance with advice given by me to Mr. Seward and
THE WHITE HOUSE AT NIGHT.
24
WASHINGTON ON THE EVE OF THE WAR.
INAUGURATION OF ABRAHAM LINCOLN, MARCH 4, 1861. (FROM A PHOTOGRAPH.)
•which was carried by Mr. Frederick W. Seward to Mr. Lincoln), and arrived safe at Washington on the morning of the day he was to have passed through Baltimore. Bnt the plotting to prevent his inauguration continued ; and there was only too good reason to fear that an attempt would be made against his life during the passage of the inaugural procession from Willard's hotel, where Mr. Lincoln lodged, to the Capitol.
On the afternoon of the 3d of March, General Scott held a conference at his headquarters, there being present his staff, General Sumner, and myself, and then was arranged the programme of the procession. President Buchanan was to drive to Willard's hotel, and call upon the President-elect. The two were to ride in the same carriage, between double files of a squadron of the District of Columbia cavalry. The company of sappers and miners wrere to inarch in front of the presidential carriage, and the infantry and rifle- men of the District of Columbia were to follow it. Riflemen in squads were to be placed on the roofs of certain commanding houses which I had selected,
WASHINGTON ON THE EVE OF THE WAR. 25
along Pennsylvania Avenue, with orders to watch the windows on the oppo- site side and to fire upon them in case any attempt should be made to fire from those windows on the presidential carriage. The small force of regular cav- alry which had arrived was to guard the side-street crossings of Pennsylvania Avenue, and to move from one to another during the passage of the proces- sion. A battalion of District of Columbia troops were to be placed near the steps of the Capitol, and riflemen in the windows of the wings of the Capitol. On the arrival of the presidential party at the Capitol, the troops were to be stationed so as to return in the same order after the ceremony.
To illustrate the state of uncertainty in which we were at that time con- cerning men, I may here state that the lieutenant-colonel, military secretary of the General-in-Chief, who that afternoon recorded the conclusions of the General in conference, and who afterward wrote out for me the instructions regarding the disposition of troops, resigned his commission that very night, and departed for the South, where he joined the Confederate army.
During the night of the 3d of March, notice was brought me that an attempt would be made to blow up the platform on which the President would stand to take the oath of office. I immediately placed men tinder the steps, and at daybreak a trusted battalion of District troops (if I remem- ber rightly, it was the National Guard, under Colonel T.ait) formed in a semi- circle at the foot of the great stairway, and prevented all entrance from without. When the crowd began to assemble in front of the portico, a large number of policemen in plain clothes were scattered through the mass to observe closely, to place themselves near any person who might act suspi- ciously, and. to strike down any hand which might raise a weapon.
At the appointed hour, Mr. Buchanan was escorted to Willard's hotel, which he entered. There I found a number of mounted "marshals of the day," and posted them around the carriage, within the cavalry guard. The two Presidents were saluted by the troops as they came out of the hotel and took their places in the carriage. The procession started. During the march to the Capitol I rode near the carriage, and by an apparently clumsy use of my spurs managed to keep the horses of the cavalry in an uneasy state, so that it would have been very difficult for even a good marksman to get an aim at one of the inmates of the carriage between the prancing horses.
After the inaugural ceremony, the President and the ex-President were escorted in the same order to the White House. Arrived there, Mr. Buchanan walked to the door with Mr. Lincoln, and there bade him welcome to the House and good-morning. The infantry escort formed in line from the gate of the White House to the house of Mr. Ould, whither Mr. Buchanan drove, and the cavalry escorted his carriage. The infantry line presented arms to the ex-President as he passed, and the cavalry escort saluted as he left the carriage and entered the house. Mr. Buchanan turned on the steps, and grace- fully acknowledged the salute. The District of Columbia volunteers had given to President Lincoln his first military salute and to Mr. Buchanan his last.
LIGHT-HOUSE.
FORT BARRANCAS.
NAVY YARD.
PENSACOLA.
FORT M^REE.
THE POWHATAN." FORT PICKENS, SANTA ROSA ISLAND. PENSACOLA HARBOR FROM THE BAR. (FROM A SKETCH MADE IN MAY, 1862.)
WITH SLEMMER IN PENSACOLA HARBOR.
BY J. H. GILMAN, BREVET LIEUTENANT-COLONEL, U. 8. A. j
NTERINGr Pensaeola Harbor from the Gulf of Mexico, one sees as he crosses the bar, immediately to his left, Fort McRee on the mainland, or west shore of the bay, and to his right Fort Pickens on the western extremity of Santa Eosa Island, which is about forty miles in length, nearly parallel to the shore of the mainland, and separated from it by Pensaeola Bay. On the mainland, directly opposite Fort Pickens, about a mile and a half from it and two miles north-east of Fort McRee, stands Fort Barrancas, and, now forming a part of it, the little old Spanish fort, San Carlos de Barrancas. About a mile and a half east of this is the village of Warrington, adjoining the Navy Yard, and seven miles farther up the bay is the town of Pensaeola. Near Fort Barrancas, and between it and the Navy Yard, is the post of Barrancas Barracks, and there, in January, 1861, was stationed Company G, 1st United States Artillery, the sole force of the United States army in the har- bor to guard and hold, as best it might, the property of the United States. The captain of this company, John H. Winder (afterward brigadier-general in the Confederate army, and widely known in connection with the military prisons in the South), and the senior first lieutenant, A. R. Eddy, were absent
4- Lieut. Slemmer's report says of Lieut. Giltuan : " During the whole affair we have stood side by side, and if any credit is due for the course pursued, he is entitled [to it] equally with myself."— Editors.
26
WILLIAM CONWAY, THE MAN WHO REFUSED TO HAUL DOWN THE UNION FLAG AT THE PENSACOLA NAVY YARD. (FROM A FROM LIFE BY WILLIAM WAUD.t
WITH SLEMMER IN PENSACOLA HARBOR. 27
on leave, and the only officers with it were First Lieutenant Adam J. Slemmer and the writer of this sketch, — then the second lieutenant of the company, who, by virtue of that high rank, was also the post treasurer, post quarter- master, post commissary, and post adjutant.
With the new year, 1861, came to us at that quiet little post the startling news of the seizure of United States property at various points by State troops, and by January 7th rumors, to us still more startling, reached our ears, to the effect that the Navy Yard and forts in Pensacola Harbor were to be seized by troops already preparing, in Florida and Alabama, to march against us. As yet no orders had come to Lieutenant Slemmer for his guidance in this emer- gency, and, as may be imagined, we had frequent conversations as to what should or could properly be done. As it would be useless to attempt to hold Barrancas, the occupation of Fort Pickens was suggested and considered; but Lieutenant Slemmer, thinking that he would not be justified in changing his station without authority, decided to remain where he was.
On January 8th the first step indicating to outsiders an intention on our part to resist was taken, by the removal of the powder from the Spanish fort to Fort Barrancas, where on the same night a guard was placed with loaded muskets. It was none too soon, for about midnight a party of twenty men came to the fort, evidently with the intention of taking possession, expecting to find it unoccupied as usual. Being challenged and not answer- ing nor halting when ordered, the party was fired upon by the guard and ran in the direction of Warrington, their footsteps resounding on the plank walk as the long roll ceased and our company started for the fort at double-quick. This, I believe, was the first gun in the war fired on our side.
Next day, January 9th, an order came from General Scott to Lieutenant Slemmer to do all in his power to prevent the seizure of the public property and to cooperate with Commodore James Armstrong at the yard. The latter received orders on the same day to cooperate with the army; but he was already so greatly under the influence of Captain Ebenezer Farrand and other seces- sionist officers of his command that he dared not take any very active part in aiding us, not even so far as to let us have the marines, as he had promised. The excitement at the yard and in the village of Warrington was intense and was increasing daily, and the commodore was nearly distracted. He was desirous of doing his duty, and apparently saw it clearly while we were with him ; but as soon as we left, became demoralized, and was thwarted in his plans by his own officers and others about him, who advised and warned him not to inaugurate civil war and bloodshed by aiding us in what they called the mad scheme of resisting the State authorities.
Fearing that, as soon as the determination to occupy Pickens became known, attempts would be made to prevent it, Lieutenant Slemmer decided to move at once, and the commodore promised to have the Wyandotte at Barrancas to take us across at 1 p. m. that day. She did not come, however, and we had to visit the commodore twice more that day to counteract the influence of those about him. The steamer was again promised at 5 p. m., but did not arrive until next morning. In a large flat-boat or scow, and
28
WITH SLEMMER IN PENSACOLA HARBOR.
several small boats loaded with our men, provisions, brass field-pieces, ammu- nition, tools, and whatever public property was most needed and could be carried, including, I remember, an old mule and cart (which afterward proved of great service to us), we were towed over to Pickens and landed there about 10 a. m. January 10th, 1861, the day that Florida seceded from the Union. Lieutenant Slemmer's family and mine were sent on board the storeship Supply, on which, a few days later, they sailed for New York. All our men
U.S. NAVY YARD
GULF OF MEXICO
SCALE OF MILES
This map shows the Union and Confederate batteries as they existed May 27, 1861. The shore batteries were
constructed by the Confederates after Slemmer's crossing to Fort Pickens. Two other Union batteries
near Fort Pickens— batteries Scott and Totten — were added after the date of this map.
were compelled to leave behind more or less personal property, those who were married leaving their houses and families as they were. Under such cir- cumstances, when so many inducements were held out for men to desert, and when so many men in higher places failed, it speaks well for their character, loyalty, and discipline that none of our men deserted. No company of men could work better or with more enthusiasm, and they were not at all disposed to give information to those outside. The day before we left, a civilian, visit- ing the post to see what news he could gather, asked one of them : " What is all this stir about 1 You men are not going to fight, are you 1 " " Faith, you needn't ask me; I'm not the man that gives orders here!" "What are they moving these gun-carriages out for?" "Well, sir, I hear they are to be painted to-morrow." " How many men are there here now ? " ■ " Sure, I'm not the baker, and don't know how many he bakes for."
Next to the commodore, the most thoroughly excited and demoralized man I saw was our old Spanish friend, Francisco Gomez, who was well known in all that region, and had long lived in a little cottage just in front of the bar- racks. He was the friend of all army officers, but his hero was General Jack- . on, and his great delight was to spin yarns to us about Jackson's capture of i aisacola from the British. Gomez was a true " original Jackson man,"
WITH SLEMMER IN PENSACOLA HARBOR. 29
having as a youth seen him at Pensacola. The morning we left, I met him walking to and fro in front of his cottage, and said: "Good-bye, Mr. Gomez; you must take care of things here now ! " He replied, with upturned eyes, " My God ! My God ! it is awful; nothing can be saved; we shall all be killed — everything destroyed. I am afraid to say anything. How I wish General Jackson was here." And the old man straightened himself up as if the mere mention of the name gave him strength and courage.
On the 12th we saw the flag at the Navy Yard lowered, and then knew that it had been quietly and tamely surrendered. Seeing our flag thus lowered to an enemy caused intense excitement and emotion, a mingled feeling of shame, anger, and defiance. Not yet having a flag-staff up, we hung our flag over the north-west bastion of the fort, that all might see " that our flag was still there." The Supply (Captain Henry Walke) immediately hoisted extra flags, and soon after was towed out of the harbor by the Wyandotte (Captain O. H. Berryman). With the capture of the Navy Yard everything on shore fell into the enemy's hands, including the large fine dry dock — the workshops, material, and supplies of all sorts. Fortunately, the Supply and Wyandotte, the only United States vessels in the harbor, were commanded by loyal men, and were saved.
We now felt sure that an attack on the fort would not long be delayed. The enemy was in possession of everything on the mainland, and Fort Pickens alone was left, and it was in a very dilapidated condition, not having been occupied since the Mexican war. We numbered, all told, including the 30 ordinary seamen, only 81 men. Our first attention was given to the flank casemate guns, loading with grape and canister such as could be worked, and at other points closing the embrasures.
Just before sundown that evening, four gentlemen landed, and demanded of the corporal on guard, outside the gate, admittance to the fort as " citizens of Florida and Alabama." Lieutenant Slemmer and myself went to the gate and found Mr. Abert, civil engineer of the yard, whom we knew very well, and three officers, strangers to us, whom he introduced as Captain Randolph, Major Marks, and Lieutenant Rutledge. Captain Randolph said : " We have been sent by the governors of Florida and Alabama to demand a peaceable surrender of this fort." Lieutenant Slemmer replied: "I am here by authority of the President of the United States, and I do not recognize the authority of any governor to demand the surrender of United States property, — a governor is nobody here." One of them exclaimed sharply : " Do you say the governor of Florida is nobody, the governor of Alabama nobody I " Lieu- tenant Slemmer replied : "I know neither of them, and I mean to say that they are nothing to me." They soon left, the conference being very short.
The next night (the 13th) a small party of armed men was discovered near the fort by our patrol, and a few shots were fired. We had little fear of an attack by day, but had every reason to expect a night attack, an attempt to surprise us and carry the place by storm. All the men had to work by day mounting guns, preparing fire-balls, hand-grenades, etc., and by night do picket or patrol duty or stand by the guns. They were nearly tired out
3°
WITH SLEMMER IN PENSACOLA HARBOR.
.CS.w»
-- ■>" :■
CONPEnERATK WATER BATTERY NEAR WARRINGTON, PENSACOLA HARBOR. (FROM A WAR-TIME PHOTOGRAPH CAPTURED AT MOBILE IN 1864 BY ADMIRAL FARRAGTJT.)
with hard work and want of sleep, not having had a night's rest since the night of January 7th.
On the 15th Colonel W. H. Chase, commanding the enemy's forces at the yard and Barrancas, came over in a small boat with Captain Farrand (late of the United States navy, and next in rank at the yard to Commodore Armstrong) and landed at the Pickens wharf, where Lieutenant Slemmer and myself met them, and the following conversation took place :
Colonel Chase: "I have come on business which may occupy some time, and, if you have no objection, we had better go inside to your quarters."
Lieutenant Slemmer : "I have objections, and it could hardly be expected that I would take you into the fort."
Colonel Chase : "As I built the fort and know all its weak and strong points, I would learn nothing new by going in, and had no such object in proposing it."
Lieutenant Slemmer : "I understand that perfectly, but it would be improper for me to take you in; and, however well you may have known the fort before, you do not know what it now contains, nor what I have done inside."
Colonel Chase : " That is true, and I will state my business here. It is a most distressing duty to me. I have come to ask of you young officers, officers of the same army in which I have spent the best and happiest years of my life, the surrender of this fort. I would not ask it if I did not believe it right and necessary to save bloodshed ; and fearing that I might not be able to say it as I ought, and in order, also, that you may have it in proper form, I have put it in writing and will read it."
WITH SLEMMER IN PENSACOLA HARBOR.
3i
He then took the manuscript from his pocket and began to read, but, after reading a few lines, his voice shook, and his eyes filled with tears. He stamp* s< i his foot, as if ashamed of exhibiting such weakness, and said, " I can't read it. Here, Farrand, you read it." Captain Farrand took it, and, remarking that he hadn't his glasses and his eyes were poor (they looked watery), passed the paper to me, saying, " Here, Oilman, you have good eyes ; please read it." I took the paper and read aloud the demand for the surrender. As soon as I finished, I handed the paper to Lieuten- ant Slemmer, when he and I went a few paces away; and, after talking the mat-- ter over, it was decided, in order to gain time and give our men a night's rest, to ask until next day to consider the matter. We returned to Colonel Chase, and the following conversation took place :
Lieutenant Slemmer : " Colonel, how many men have you ?"
Colonel Chase : " To-night I shall have 800 or 900."
Lieutenant Slemmer : " Do you imagine you could take this fort with that num- ber f "
Colonel Chase : " I certainly do. I could carry it by storm. I know every inch of this fort and its condition."
Lieutenant Slemmer : " With your knowledge of the fort and of your troops, what proportion of them, do you imagine, would be killed in such an attack?"
Colonel Chase (shrugging his shoulders) : " If you have made the best pos- sible preparations, as I suppose you have, and should defend it, as I presume you would, I might lose one-half of my men."
Lieutenant Slemmer : "At least, and I don't believe you are prepared to sacrifice that many men for such a purpose."
Colonel Chase : " You must know very well that, with your small force, you are not expected to, and cannot, hold this fort. Florida cannot permit it, and the troops here are determined to have it; and if not surrendered peace- ably, an attack and the inauguration of civil war cannot be prevented. If it is a question of numbers, and eight hundred is not enough, I can easily bring thousands more."
Lieutenant Slemmer: "I will give this letter due consideration, and as I wish to consult with the captains of the Supply and Wyandotte before reply- ing, I will give you my answer to-morrow morning."
The next day the reply, refusing to surrender, was sent, Captain Berry- man of the Wyandotte taking it to the yard. Immediately after, the Wyan- dotte steamed out of the harbor, and, the same day, I think, the Supply sailed for New York.
LIEUTENANT ADAM J. SLEMMER, U. B. A. (FROM A PHOTOGRAPH.)
32
WITH SLEMMER IN PENSACOLA HARBOR.
On the 18th another, and the last, demand for surrender was received from Colonel Chase, and next day Lieutenant Slemmer sent the following reply : "In reply to your communication of yesterday, I have the honor to state that, as yet, I know of no reason why my answer of the 16th inst. should be changed, and I therefore very respectfully refer you to that reply for an answer to this."
With his small command, Lieutenant Slemmer continued to hold Fort Pickens until he was reenforced about the middle of April. He remained there until about the middle of May, when our company, on the recommenda- tion of the surgeon, the men being much broken down by the severe labor, incessant watching, exposure, and want of proper food of the past four months, was ordered to Fort Hamilton, New York Harbor, to recruit. The order was a humane one, and came none too soon, as scurvy had already appeared among the men. On the way North one of them died, and few of them ever entirely recovered from the effects of the severe physical and mental strain they had endured with Slemmer in Pensacola Harbor.
During the remainder of the war Fort Pickens continued to be held by the United States troops, assisted by various vessels of the blockading squad- ron. Lieutenant Slemmer was reenforced on the 6th of February by one company under Captain Israel Vogdes in the Brooklyn, and on the 17 th of April by five companies in the Atlantic, under Col- onel Harvey Brown, who had been appointed to the command of the Department of Florida, with head- quarters at Fort Pickens, and continued in com- mand until February 2 2d, 1862, when he was succeeded by General Lewis G. Arnold. The Con- federates continued to hold the opposite shore until the 9th of May, 1862, when it was evacuated by them, the Union forces taking possession the next day. On the 11th of March, 1861, General Brax- ton Bragg assumed command of the Confederate forces. He was succeeded in command of the Army of Pensacola on the 27th of January, 1862, by General Samuel Jones, who, on the 8th of March, was succeeded in command of the post by Colonel Thomas M. Jones, under whom the evacuation took place, whereupon the position was occupied by the United States troops, and the headquarters of the West Gulf Squadron, which had been at Ship Isl- and, were transferred to Pensacola. The harbor was considered the best on the Gulf.
The chief events during the Confederate occu- pation were :
September 2d, 1 8 6 1 . Destruction of the dry-dock at Pensacola by order of Colonel Harvey Brown.
September 1-lth. Destruction .of the Confeder- ate war schooner Judah by a night expedition.
The Judah was moored to the wharf at the Navy Yard under the protection of a battery and a eolum- biad, and was armed with a pivot and four broad- side guns. The expedition, which was matured by Captain Theodoras Bailey of the Colorado, con- sisted of 100 men in 4 boats, under the com- mand of Lieutenant John H. Russell, U. S. Navy. Lieutenant Sproston and Gunner Borton, from one of the boats, succeeded in spiking the columbiad.
The others of the force, after receiving in their boats a volley from the Judah, boarded her fore and aft and engaged in a hand-to-hand conflict with her crew, consisting of 75 men, who made a brave resistance, but were driven off to the wharf, where they rallied and, joined by the guard, kept up a continuous fire upon the vessel, which had been set on fire in several places by Lieutenant Russell's men. The alarm roll was sounded, and rockets were sent up by the Confederates. The enemy's forces being aroused, the Colorado's boats pulled away, rallying at a short distance from the shore to fire six charges of canister from their howitzers, under cover of which they returned to the fort. The Judah burned to the water's edge, and, having been set free from her moorings by the fire, drifted down opposite Fort Barrancas, where she sank. The Union loss was 3 men killed and 13 wounded. For his gallantry in the execu- tion of the plan Lieutenant Russell wras promoted.
October 9th. Night attack by a Confederate force of one thousand men, under General R. H. _Ander- son,upon the camp of Colonel William Wilson's 6th New York (Zouave) regiment on Santa Rosa Island. The Confederates landed on the island at 2 A. M., burned a part of the camp four miles from Fort Pickens, and retired to their boats after encounter- ing Union reinforcements from the fort. The losses in killed, wounded, and missing were: Union, 67; Confederate, 87.
November 22d and 23d. Bombardment of the Confederate lines by the United States vessels Niagara (Flag-Officer McKean) and Richmond (Captain Ellison), and by Fort Pickens and the neighboring Union batteries. Although Fort Mc- Ree was so badly injured that General Bragg en- tertained the idea of abandoning it, the plan of the Union commanders to "take and destroy" it was not executed.
January 1st, 1862. Bombardment of Forts Mc- Ree and Barrancas by Union batteries.
May 9th. Burning and evacuation of Pensacola.
Editors.
RECOLLECTIONS OF THE TWIGGS SURRENDER.
BY MRS. CAROLINE BALDWIN DARROW.
'
A TEXAS RANGER— FROM AN AMBROTYPE.
ARLY in December, 1860, a rumor reached San Antonio, Texas, that Captain John R. Baylor, well known throughout the State, was organizing a company of one thousand men for a buffalo-hunt. ■& As Captain Baylor's secession sentiments were well known, this was believed to be a mere pretense, and his real design to be to surprise and seize the arsenal in San Antonio, in time to prevent any resistance on the part of the United States, should Texas go out of the Union. The Union citizens, alarmed lest the few soldiers stationed there should prove insufficient, appealed to General David E. Twiggs, then commanding the Department of Texas, to increase the force. He accordingly fur- nished several hundred men, consisting of Knights of the Golden Circle (a secret secession organization), the Alamo Rifles, two other citizen com- panies, and an Irish and a German company. This quieted apprehension for a time, but in January these troops were quietly withdrawn. At this time General Twiggs's loyalty to the United States Government began to be questioned, as he was known to be often in consultation with prominent secessionists, some of them ladies. Toward the end of January the Union men again appealed to General Twiggs, but nothing was accomplished, whereupon they armed themselves, waiting with undefined dread for the next move. Meanwhile no one trusted his neighbor, since spies and informers abounded, and to add to the terror, there were fears of insurrection among the negroes, some of whom were arrested ; while all of them were forbidden to walk or talk together on the streets, or to assemble as they had been accustomed to do.
Late in January was held the election for delegates to a State convention which should consider the question of secession. San Antonio was crowded. Women vied with each other in distributing the little yellow ballots, on which were printed in large type, "For Secession," or "Against Secession." Many an ignorant Mexican received instructions that the ballot " with the longest words" was the right one. The cart eras from New Mexico, who were in town with their wagon-trains, were bought by the secessionists, and some were known to have voted three times. It was well known that the Federal civil officers were loyal; the French and German citizens were emphatically so; and
■fc August 2d, 1861. John R. Baylor, then Lieu- government being at Mesilla, and the authority
tenant-Colonel, commanding the Confederate army of governor being assumed by him. This action
in New Mexico, organized that part of the Terri- was approved by General Henry H. Sibley, then
tory lying south of the thirty-fourth parallel, as in command of the Confederate department. —
the Confederate Territory of Arizona, the seat of Editors.
Vol. I.— 3
33
34 RECOLLECTIONS OF THE TWIGGS SURRENDER.
yet against the will of the people, " by superior political diplomacy," secession triumphed in San Antonio by a small majority. Many Germans gave up their business and left the town, taking refuge in New Braunfels, 31 miles away. Many of these men were political refugees of rare culture and scholarly attainments.
On the 1st of February, the ordinance of secession was adopted by the Texas Convention, J and on the 4th commissioners were appointed "to confer with General Twiggs, with regard to the public arms, stores, munitions of war, etc., under his control, and belonging to the United States, with power to demand [them] in the name of the people of the State of Texas." To meet this commission, which consisted of Thomas J. Devine, P. N. Luckett,^ and Samuel A. Maverick, | on the 9th of February Greneral Twiggs appointed a commission consisting of Major David H. Vinton, Major Sackfield Maclin (secessionist), and Captain R. H. K. Whiteley. By this time the news of Greneral Twiggs's disaffection had reached the Government, and Colonel C. A. Waite was sent to supersede him.
One day, accidentally overhearing parts of a conversation between Greneral Twiggs and a prominent Southern lady, I felt no longer any doubt that he was about to betray his trust, and reported the matter to Major Vinton. He sought an interview with Greneral Twiggs, and told me that he could find no suspicion of disloyalty, and that I was entirely mistaken. Getting information a few days later, which led me to believe that the day for the surrender was fixed, I again informed Major Vinton. He then decided to remove at once from his safe all papers that would give valuable information to the State authorities, and the moneys belonging to the Government, and he intrusted them to his confidential clerk, Charles Darrow. They were sent at midnight to his wife, J) who was waiting to receive them, and who buried part of them in a deserted garden ; the rest, secreted in the ashes of an unused stove and in the tester of a bed, were guarded by her till the information was no longer valuable.
General Twiggs had succeeded in completely blinding his brother-officers as to his plans ; but he now had no time to lose before Colonel Waite's arrival.
On the 15th news came that some of the passengers on the mail-coach had alighted at the crossing of the Salado and joined a large company of Texas Rangers who, under the command of Ben McCulloch, had been encamped there for several days. Captain Baylor's buffalo-hunt had at last assumed a tangible shape.
To be prepared for any emergency, for many nights we had kept our fire- arms beside us. On the night of the 15th, worn out with anxious watch- ing, we fell asleep, to be suddenly roused about 4 o'clock by the screams of the negroes, who were coming home from market, " We're all going to be
J The secession of Texas was not legally com- & James H. Rogers, also appointed, was a com- pleted until the ratification of this ordinance by missioner,' but it appears from the Official Records the people, February 23d, but the secession party that he did not serve. — Editors. considered the authority of the convention suffi- | From whom stray cattle were styled "Maver- cient for the prior seizure of United States prop- icks." erty. — Editors. ]) The writer.
RECOLLECTIONS OF THE TWIGGS SURRENDER.
35
-^rffc
THE ALAMO, SAN ANTONIO.
killed ! " I grasped my revolver, and, springing to my feet, looked ont npon the plaza. In the dim light I saw the revolutionists appearing, two by two, on muleback and horseback, mounted and on foot, — a motley though quite orderly crowd, carrying the Lone Star flag before them, and surrounded and supported by armed men. The nights had been cold, and a week on the Salado without comforts had not added to their valorous appearance. Some had coats, but others were in their shirt-sleeves, and not a few were wrapped in old shawls and sad- dle-blankets. Their arms were of every description. By daylight more had appeared, perhaps a thousand in all, and so great was the enthusiasm of two women who had aided General Twiggs in his arrangements that they mounted their horses, in male attire, and with pistols in their belts rode out to meet their friends. Coffee and refreshments had been provided, and blankets and clothing were lavishly dis- tributed. All the stores were closed ; men, women, and children armed themselves, and the excitement was intense. Companies of Union citizens, well drilled and well armed, were marching and countermarching, presenting an imposing contrast to the other party, and a conflict seemed inevitable. The arsenal building had been opened and was swarming with Rangers. Early in the morning General Twiggs drove down to the main plaza, where he was instantly surrounded by secessionists demanding the Government property, whereupon he went through the form of refusing their request. He then held a conference with Major W. A. Nichols, his assistant adjutant-general, and Ben McCulloch, and was given six hours in which to reconsider. By noon he had surrendered all the United States posts and stores in Texas. When the result was known there was great indignation against him among the citizens. Two or three hours later he left for New Orleans, where he was received with public honors.
Orders were sent to all the outposts to turn over the military property to the State. The officers and men were widely scattered, and many of them were taken completely by surprise. The Federal troops in town gave their parole " not to take up arms " against the Confederacy, and were ordered to leave the post in the afternoon. By this time the German company had refused to act against the United States, and the citizen companies had dis- banded. The Irish company had twice torn down the Stars and Stripes from the Alamo, and had raised the Lone Star flag in its place. An attempt was made to disarm the troops, but they declared that they would kill any man who interfered, and marched away under Major Larkin Smith and Captain
36 RECOLLECTIONS OF THE TWIGGS SURRENDER.
John H. King, with the stained and bullet-riddled old flag of the 8th Regi- ment flying over them, while the band played national airs. Strong men wept ; the people cheered them along the streets, and many followed them to the head of the San Pedro, where they encamped. By 6 o'clock the Rangers had returned to their camp on the Salado, and the day ended without further excitement.
About 2 o'clock that afternoon, Colonel Robert E. Lee arrived in his ambu- lance from Fort Mason, Texas, on his way to Washington, whither he had been ordered by General Scott. As he approached the Read House I went out to greet him. At the same time some of the Rangers gathered around his wagons, and, attracted, no doubt, by their insignia of rank, the red flannel strips sewed on their shoulders, he asked, " Who are those men ! " " They arc McCulloch's," I answered. "General Twiggs surrendered everything to the State this morning, and we are all prisoners of war." I shall never forget his look of astonishment, as with his lips trembling and his eyes full of tears, he exclaimed, " Has it come so soon as this ? " In a short time I saw him crossing the plaza on his way to headquarters, and noticed particularly that he was in citizen's dress. He returned at night and shut himself in his room, which was over mine, and I heard his footsteps through the night, and sometimes the murmur of his voice, as if he were praying. He remained at the hotel a week, and in conversations declared that the position he held was a neutral one. When he left it was my firm belief that no one could per- suade or compel him to change his decision. \
During the next two days the Rangers were drinking and shooting about the streets, recklessly shooting any one who happened to displease them. From this time on, Union men were in danger, and Northerners sent their families away. Some who were outspoken were imprisoned and barely escaped with their lives ; among them, Charles Anderson, brother of Robert Anderson.
On the 26th of February a dozen men of the State troops were stationed on guard over the offices of the disbursing officers, and the occupants were ordered to leave, but forbidden to take away papers or effects, though allowed to keep the keys to their safes. Colonel Waite had now arrived and assumed command, and the secessionist commissioners made a second demand for
tt
\ On this pointCaptainR.M.Potter,U.S.A., says: cause for revolution), then I will still follow my na- I saw General Lee (then Colonel Lee) when he took tive State with my sword, and, if need be, with my leave of his friends to depart for Washington some life. I know you think and f e*d very differently, but days after the surrender of Twiggs. I have seldom I can't help it. These are my principles, and I must seen a more distressed man. He said, ' When I follow them." Colonel Anderson, in the course of get to Virginia I think the world will have one sol- a high tribute to General Lee's character, gives dier less. I shall resign and go to planting corn.' " Gen*ra4--Scatt._a«-Ms-aut4K>rity for the statement Colonel Charles Anderson, U. S. V., who is referred th«rtrtn^rwminmHd-oli.he United States forces (un- to above, and who talked with General Lee on the der Scott) was-offered to Lee, and was declined by same day, thus gives the substance of his parting Mm-on-the same ground, — that he must be guided words (see "Texas Before and on the Eve of the wboliy in his action by that t>f Virginia. Colonel Rebellion." Cincinnati, 1884): "I still think . . . Albert G. Brackett, U. S. A., says: "When the that my loyalty to Virginia ought to take precedence civil war broke out, Lee was filled with sorrow over that which is due to the Federal Government, at the condition of affairs, and, in a letter to me and I shall so report myself at Washington. If Vir- deploring the war in which we were about to en- ginia stands by the old Union, so will I. But if she gage, he made use of these words: ' I fear the liber- secedes (though I do not believe in secession as ties of our country will be buried in the tomb of •a constitutional right, nor that there is a sufficient a great nation.' "—Editors.-
RECOLLECTIONS OF THE TWIGGS SURRENDER.
37
" a statement of the amount of indebtedness and funds on hand and required a promise from each officer that he would pay outstanding debts with funds and turn the balance over to the State": it being very desirable to the enemy to possess the Grovernment records, which exhibited the number of troops and the condition of the whole department. Imprisonment and death were to be the penalty in case of refusal ; but Major Vinton of the quartermaster's
department declared that he did not fear either, would do nothing dishonorable and would not comply. Major Daniel Mc- Clure of the pay department it and Cap- tain Whiteley of the ordnance department also refused, but several officers did com- ply and were returned to their offices. The larger responsibilities of the quarter- master's department detained Major Vin- ton after the above-named officers had left, and thus he fought his battle almost alone. His office was transferred to his own house, where with the aid of Mr. Dar- row he transacted his business. He soon became so ill that it was impossible for him to leave his bed. Both were after- ward arrested and given ten days in which to surrender the papers and funds or be shot. These threats were not executed, for on the morning of the tenth day we were gladdened by the news that United States troops from the different outposts were within a few miles of the town, having been three weeks on the way. They were met at the San Pedro and paroled not to take arms against the Confederacy or serve in any capacity during the war. These troops, representing the army in Texas, were loyal almost to a man, while all but forty of the officers went over to the Confederacy. The commissioners had promised to furnish facilities for the transportation of these troops to the coast, but so great had been the confusion and so many supplies had been carried off, that the soldiers were left almost destitute. I visited their camp and found them cursing the man who had placed them in this position."
Major Vinton and family, with my husband and myself, were the last to leave. On thq morning of oui' departure, the 11th of May, as the ambulances and baggage wagons stood at the door, to add to the gloom, a storm broke over the city, enveloping us in midnight darkness. The thunder and light- ning was so loud and incessant as to seem like the noise of battle. For two weeks we journeyed over the park-like prairies, fragrant and brilliant with
COLOSEL DANIEL II. VINTON, F. S. A. FROM A PHOTOGRAPH.
•fa Captain Potter says: " The officers detained brother officers, when no public funds were acces-
iu San Antonio were much indebted to Major sible. He, of course, had no office in which to
McClure for his successful efforts to raise money, transact business, and paid the officers covertly
on his own responsibility, for the pay of his in holes and corners."
38
RECOLLECTIONS OF THE TWIGGS SURRENDER.
flowers. We forded streams and rivers, crossed the Brazos by a rope ferry, and, taking the railroad train from Harrisburg to Galveston, canght the last steamer before the blockade of New Orleans. We went np the Mississippi in the steamer Hiawatha, which was crowded with refugees, who made no sign until, in answer to a shot from shore at Cairo, the steamer rounded to and we found ourselves once more under the protection of our own flag.
On the 13th of December, 1860, General David E. Twiggs, of the United States Army, who had served with distinction in the war with Mexico, and who was at that date in command of the De- partment of Texas, wrote the following letter to General Scott from San Antonio :
" I think tliere can be no doubt that many of the Southern States will secede from the Union. The State of Texas will be among the number, and, from all ap- pearances at present, it will be at an early day ; certainly before the 4th of March next. What is to be done with public property in charge of the army % The arsenal at this place has some ordnance and other munitions of war. I do not expect an order for the present for the disposition of them, but I would be pleased to receive your views and suggestions. My course, as respects myself, will be to remain at nry post and protect this frontier as long as I can, and then when turned adrift make my way home, if I have one. I would be pleased to hear from you at your earliest convenience."
At this time it took from ten to fifteen days for a letter to pass between San Antonio and army head- quarters. December 2Sth, General Scott replied:
" In cases of political disturbance involving local conflict with the authority of the general government, the geueral-in-chief considers that the military ques- tions, such as you suggest, contain a political element, with due regard to which, and in due deference to the chief executive authority, no extraordinary instructions cop^ dug them must be issued without the consent authority. He has labored hard in suggesting g proper measures to vindicate the laws and °> property of the United States without raror acting offensively against any State or -iiinity. All such suggestions, though long since j±ade in good time to have been peaceably and efficiently carried out, have failed to secure the favorable attention of the Government. The President has listened to him with due friendliness and respect, but the War Depart- ment has been little communicative. [Mr. Floyd was then Secretary of War.] Up to this time he has not been shown the written instructions of Major Anderson, nor been informed of the. purport of those more recently conveyed to Fort Moultrie verbally by Major Buell. Probably the policy of the Government in regard to the forts and depots within the limits of seceding States will have been clearly indicated before events can have caused a practical issue to be made up in Texas. The general does not see, at this moment, that he can tender you any special advice, but leaves the administration of your command in your own hands, with the laws and
* Captain Potter (before quoted), in a written memorandum to the Editors, says :
"It was on the evening before McCulloeh entered San Antonio, or, perhaps, two evenings before, that I met Gen- eral Twiggs at a wedding party. He said to me: 'It is rumored that Ben McCulloeh has been in town; have you seen Iiiiu '.' I replied, no. After a few more words on the state of affairs, he said : ' There is no need of sending him to coerce me. If an old woman with a broomstick should come with full authority from the State of Texas to demand the public property, I would give it up to her.' " Captain Pot- ter further says : "From the date of Twiggs's return from New Orleans [about the 27th of November] there was no
regulations to guide, in the full confidence that your discretion, firmness, and patriotism will effect all of good that the sad state of the times may permit."
December 27th, and January 2d, 7th, and 23d, General Twiggs wrote similar letters to army head- quarters, making urgent requests for instructions. January 15th, after the receipt of the above letter from General Scott, General Twiggs wrote to him again, this time expressing sympathy with the secession movement, and asking to be re- lieved from command of the department on or before the 4th of March. The order relieving him, and appointing Colonel Waite as his suc- cessor, is dated 'January 28th, and was received by General Twiggs on the loth of February. Meanwhile the secession party in Texas had made decided progress toward carrying the State out of the Union. Late in January an election had been held for delegates to a State convention to consider the question of secession. This con- vention had met on the 28th of January, at Aus- tin, and on the 1st of February had passed an ordinance of secession which was to take effect on the 2d of March, if it should be ratified by the people on the 23d of February. General Twiggs did not wait till the ordinance was in operation, or even till its ratification, to surrender the military posts and public property under his charge. Feb- ruary 9th he appointed a military commission to treat with a commission from the convention, — as his order of that date announced, "to transact such business as relates to the disposition of the public property upon the demand of the State of Texas." February 16th, three days before the arrival of Colonel Waite, the actual surrender took place, nominally to superior forces under Colonel Ben McCulloeh, then in command of 1000 to 1500 men, and acting under the authority, not of the governor (General Sam Houston, a Union man), but of the commissioners appointed by the convention.* On the 17th the State Commissioners wrote to General Twiggs :
" In our communication of the 16th instant we required a delivery up by you of the positions held and public property held by or under your control as commander
doubt of his intention not to withstand any insurrectionary movement on the part of the state. He constantly said that the break-up was coming, and that there was no one living who could resist the secession movement successfully."
On the same point, Colonel Charles Anderson says: "It must be remembered distinctly, on this, my testimony, and that of very many others, that from the time of his. return, with increasing frequency and vehemence of his speeches, General Twiggs had not only declared that he 'would never fire on American citizens under any circumstances,' but that he would surrender the United states property in his depart- ment to the State of Texas whenever it was demanded." — (" Texas, Before and on the Eve of the Rebellion.")
RECOLLECTIONS OF THE TWIGGS SURRENDER.
39
in this department. As no reply save your verbal declaration (which declaration was that you '.nave up everything') has been given to onrnote, . . . we agaiu demand the surrender . . . "
To this General Twiggs replied the same day:
" I have to say that youare already aware of my views in regard to the delivery of the public property of this department, and I now repeat that I will direct the positions held by the Federal troops to be turned over to the authorized agents of the State of Texas, provided the troops retain their arms and clothing, camp and garrison ecpiipage, quartermaster's stores, subsistence, medical, hospital stores, and such means of transporta- tion of every kind as may be necessary for an efficient and orderly movement of the troops from Texas, pre- pared for attack or defense" against aggression from any source."
The commissioners then wrote, making two fur- ther conditions : that the troops should leave Texas by way of the coast, and that t hey should there sur- render all means of transportation as well as the artillery. General Twiggs responded, consenting to the first condition, but objecting to the second so far as it related to the guns of the light batteries, and it was to that extent waived by the commis- sioners. Thus the formal smrender was consum- mated-on the 18th of February, five days before the ratification of the ordinance of secession by the people of Texas. In a letter to Mr. Davis, dated New Orleans, February 25th, IS 61, Gen- eral Braxton Bragg says: "General Twiggs was ordered to turn over the command to Colonel Waite, a Northern man, but preferred surrender- ing to Texas." March 1st, General Twiggs was dismissed from the United States army. He was appointed major-general in the Confederate serv- ice, and was placed in command at New Orleans. He died September 15th, 1862, at Augusta, Georgia, his own State.
On the 28th of January, General Twiggs's suc- cessor, Colonel Waite, was in command at Camp Verde, 65 miles from San Antonio. In a letter of that date to General Twiggs's assistant adju- tant-general at San Antonio, Colonel Waite said :
" For the purpose of making some defensive arrange- ments, I have deemed it proper to order the remainder of Captain Brackett'a company to this place without waiting foi further instructions from your office. . . . I respectfully request that 1 or 2 pieces of artillery . . . may be sent here as early as practicable. In making this application I assume that there is a prob- ability, or at least a possibility, that a mob of reckless men may attempt to seize the public property here, the most valuable of which consists of 5:! camels, . . . worth some $20,000. ... I hold it to be the duty of every commanding officer to be at all times, mid under all circumstances, prepared as far as possible for any and every emergency. To this end he must anticipate his wants and take timely measures to meet them."
February 1 2th, he wrote again :
"Being desirous of concentrating my regiment (the 1st Infantry) so as to bring the companies more under my control, I respectfully request permission to move out of the department with the live companies now serv- ing here and join the remainder of the regiment which is in the Department of the West."
February 26th, in his report of the situation after he had assumed command, he says :
"To concentrate a sufficient number [of troops] to make a successful resistance after the Texans had taken the held was not practicable. Besides, we had no large depot of provisions to move upon, and the means .if transportation at the posts were so limited that the troops could have taken with them a supply for only a few days. An attempt to bring them together under these circumstances would have no doubt resulted in their being cut up in detail before they could get out of the country. Under these circumstances, I felt it my dutyto comply with the agreement entered into by Gen- eral Twiggs, and remove the troops from the country as early as possible."
For this purpose Colonel Waite continued at San Antonio. The troops (except those mentioned below) marched to the coast, where vessels char- tered by the United States awaited them.
Concerning the advantages which General Twiggs's surrender conferred upon the cause of secession, Colonel Charles Anderson says :
" Of its successes, the first was that it carried the so- called election five days afterward. Without this brill- iant coup (lc main (the first victory of rebellion) the majority would have surely been in Texas for the Union cause. As it was, only 42,000 votes (less than half the total vote of the State) was polled, of which 13,000 votes were given by the now confounded and dismayed Unionists. [The exact vote was: for ratification, 34,794 ; against, 11,235. — Editors.] And just here (a second and great success) was the beginning of that series of tlockings pari passu, with every disaster to the Union cause, of our Douglas Democrats, and our Bell and Everett men to the winning side — the Breckinridge Democrats. ... A third gain to the rebellion was the immense money and military values of the public arms and other war properties on the very verge of the coming war, which it hastened, if it did not determine. Fourthly, our national prestige lost was a vast and instant impulse to secession and rebellion in every slave State."
The number of posts surrendered was 10. The number of troops "to be removed, in compli- ance with General Twiggs's agreement," was re- ported by Colonel Waite, February 26th, at 2328. This agreement was not respected by the Con- federate authorities, who, on the 11th of April, on the ground " that hostility exists between the United States and Confederate States," gave in- structions to Colonel Earl Van Dorn " to intercept and prevent the movement of the United States troops from the State of Texas." Under these orders 815 officers and men were captured, in- cluding Colonel Waite and his staff, who accepted parole under protest. Many of the private soldiers were kept in confinement for nearly two years. The San Antonio "Herald," of February 23d, 1861, estimated the total value of the property surrendered at $1,209,500, " exclusive of public buildings to which the Federal Government has a title." Tins property included mules, wagons, horses, harness, tools, corn, clothing, commissary and ordnance stores.
In the main the authority for the foregoing state- ments is Volume I. of the "Official Records of the Union and Confederate Armies," issued by the War Department, under the editorship of Lieu- tenant-Colonel Robert N. Scott, U. S. A. This work will be referred to hereafter in these pages as "Official Records."— Editors.
y
s
"i „_
Av&ilMnMLiiX.
VIEW OF CHARLESTON FROM THE RAMPART OF CASTLE PINCKNEY.- FROM A SKETCH MADE IN 1861.
FROM MOULTRIE TO SUMTER.
BY ABNER DOUBLEDAY, BREVET MAJOR-GENERAL, U. 8. A., RETIRED.
AS senior captain of the 1st Regiment of United States Artillery, I had been -£*- stationed at Fort Moultrie, Charleston Harbor, two or three years previ- ous to the outbreak of 1861. There were two other forts in the harbor. Of these, Fort Sumter was unoccupied, being in an unfinished state, while Castle Pinckney was in charge of a single ordnance sergeant. The garrison of Fort Moultrie consisted of 2 companies that had been reduced to 65 men, who with the band raised the number in the post to 73. Fort Moultrie had no strength ; it was merely a sea battery. No one ever imagined it would be attacked by our own people ; and if assailed by foreigners, it was supposed that an army of citizen-soldiery would -be there to defend it. It was very low, the walls having about the height of an ordinary room. It was little more, in fact, than the old fort of Revolutionary time of which the father of Major Robert Anderson had been a defender. The sand had drifted from the sea against the wall, so that cows would actually scale the ramparts. In 1860 we applied to have the fort put in order, but the quartermaster-general, afterward the famous Joseph E. Johnston, said the matter did not pertain to his department. We were then apprehending trouble, for the signs of the times indicated that the South was drifting toward secession, though the Northern people could not be made to believe this, and regarded our repre- sentation to this effect as nonsense. I remember that at that time our engi- neer officer, Captain J. Gr. Foster, was alone, of the officers, in thinking there would be no trouble. We were commanded by a Northern man of advanced age, Colonel John L. Gardner, who had been wounded in the war of 1812 and had served with credit in Florida and Mexico. November 15th, 1860, Mr.
40
FROM MOULTRIE TO SUMTER.
4i
Floyd, the Secretary of War, relieved liim and put in command Major Robert Anderson of Kentucky, who was a regular officer and the owner of a slave plantation in Georgia. Floyd thought the new commander could be relied upon to carry out the Southern programme, but we never believed that Anderson took com- mand with a knowledge of
1 luit programme or a desire JIB
that it should succeed. He simply obeyed orders; he had to obey or leave the army. Anderson was a Union man and, in the incipiency, was perfectly willing to chastise South Carolina in case she should attempt any revolutionary measures. His feeling as to coercion changed when he found that all the South- ern States had joined South Carolina, for he looked up- on the conquest of the South as hopeless.
Soon after his arrival, which took place on the 21st of November, Anderson wanted the sand removed from the walls of Moultrie, and urged that it be done. Suddenly the Secretary of War seemed to adopt this view. He pretended there was danger of war with Eng- land, with reference to Mex- ico, which was absurd ; and under this pretext was seized with a sudden zeal to put the harbor of Charleston in con- dition,— to be turned over to the Confederate forces. He appropriated $150,- 000 for Moultrie and $80,000 to finish Sumter. There was not much to be made out of Fort Moultrie, with all our efforts, because it was hardly defen- sible ; but Major Anderson strove to strengthen it. He put up heavy gates to prevent Charleston secessionists from entering, and made a little man-hole through which visitors had to crawl in and out.
We could get no additional ammunition, but Colonel Gardner had man- aged to procure a six months' supply of food from the North before the trouble
MAJOR ROBERT ANDEKXIN.
FItOM A PHOTOGRAPH.
42
FROM MOULTRIE TO SUMTER.
BREV.-CAPT. TRUMAN SEYMOUR. LIEUT. G. W. SNYOER.
LIEUT. JEFF. C. DAVIS. 20 LIEUT. R. K. MEADE, JR. LIEUT. THEO. TALBOT.
CAPT. ABNER DOUBLEDAY. MAJOR ROBERT ANDERSON. SURGEON S. W. CRAWFORD. CAPT. J. G. FOSTER.
MAJOR ANDERSON AND HIS OFFICERS. FROM A PHOTOGRAPH TAKEN BEFORE THE BOMBARDMENT.
Second Lieutenant Norman J. Hall, who was present at the bombardment, was absent when the photo- graph was taken. Lieutenant Talbot had been sent to Washington, and had returned with a message from
President Lincoln announcing to Governor Pickens that the Government would attempt to provision Fort Sumter; he was not permitted to rejoin Major Anderson.
came. The Secretary of War would not let us have a man in the way of rein- forcement, the plea being that reinforcements would irritate the people. The secessionists could hardly be restrained from attacking us, but the leaders kept them back, knowing that our workmen were laboring in their interests, at the expense of the United States. When Captain Truman Seymour was sent with a party to the United States arsenal in Charleston to get some friction primers and a little ammunition, a crowd interfered and drove his men back. It became evident, as I told Anderson, that we could not defend the fort, because the houses around us on Sullivan's Island looked down into Moultrie, and could be occupied by our enemies. At last it was rumored that two thousand riflemen had been detailed to shoot us down from the tops of those houses. I proposed to anticipate the enemy and burn the dwellings, but Anderson would not take so decided a step at a time when the North did not believe there was going to be war. It was plain that the only thing to be done was to slip over the water to Fort Sumter, but Anderson said he had been assigned to Fort Moultrie, and that he must stay there. We were then in a very peculiar position. It was commonly believed that we would not be supported even by the North, as the Democrats had been bitterly opposed to the election of Lincoln ; that at the first sign of war twenty thousand men in sympathy with the South would rise in New York. Moreover, the one to whom we
FROM MOULTRIE TO SUMTER.
43
THE SEA BATTERY OF FORT MOULTRIE. FROM A PHOTOGRAPH TAKEN BEFORE THE WAR.
soldiers always looked up as to a father, — the Secretary of War, seemed to be devising arrangements to have us made away with. We believed that in the event of an outbreak from Charleston few of us would survive ; but it did not greatly concern us, since that risk was merely a part of our business, and we intended to make the best fight we could. The officers, upon talk- ing the matter over, thought they might control any demonstration at Charleston by throwing shells into the city from Castle Pinckney. But, with only sixty-four soldiers and a brass band, we could not de- tach any force in that direction.
Finally, Captain Foster, who had misapprehended the whole situation, and who had orders to put both Moultrie and Sumter in perfect order, brought sever- al hundred workmen from Bal- timore. Unfortunately, these were nearly all in sympathy with the Charlestonians, many even wearing secession badges.
Bands of secessionists were now patrolling near us by day and night. We were so worn out with guard-duty — watching them — that on one occasion my wife and Captain Seymour's relieved us on guard, all that was needed being some one to give the alarm in case there was an attempt to break in. Foster thought that out of his several hundred workmen he could get a few Union men to drill at the guns as a garrison in Castle Pinck- ney, but they rebelled the moment they found they were expected to act as artillerists, and said that they were not there as warriors. It was said that when the enemy took possession of the castle, some of these workmen were hauled from under beds and from other hiding-places.
The day before Christmas I asked Major Anderson for wire to make an entanglement in front of my part of the fort, so that any one who should charge would tumble over the wires and could be shot at our leisure. I had already caused a sloping picket fence to be projected over the parapet on my side of the works so that scaling-ladders could not be raised against us. The dis- cussion in Charleston over our proceedings was of an amusing character. This wopden fraise puzzled the Charleston militia and editors; one of the latter said, " Make ready your sharpened stakes, but you will not intimidate freemen. ''
When \L asked Anderson for the wire, he said I should have a mile of it, with a peculiar smile that puzzled me for the moment. He then sent for Hall, the post quartermaster, bound him to secrecy, and told him to take three schooners and sorqe barges which had been chartered for the purpose of taking the women and children and six months' supply of provisions to Fort Johnson, opposite1 Charleston. He was instructed when the secession patrols should
s/
44
FROM MOULTRIE TO SUMTER.
ask what this meant, to tell them we were sending off the families of the officers and men to the North because they were in the way. The excuse was plausible, and no one interfered. We were so closely watched that we could make no movement without demands being; made as to the reason of it. On the day we left — the day after Christmas — Anderson gave up his own mess, and came to live with me as my guest. In the evening of that day I went to notify the major that tea was ready. Upon going to the parapet for that purpose, I found all the officers there, and noticed something strange in their manner. The problem was solved when Ander- son walked up to me and said : " Captain, in twenty minutes you will leave this fort with your company for Fort Sumter." The order ^as startling and unexpected, and I thought of the immediate hostilities of whi^i the movement
FROM MOULTRIE TO SUMTER. 45
would be the occasion. I rushed over to my company quarters and informed my men, so that they might put on their knapsacks and have everything in readiness. This took about ten minutes. Then I went to my house, told my wife that there might be fighting, and that she must get out of the fort as soon as she could and take refuge behind the sand-hills. I put her trunks out of the sally-port, and she followed them. Then I started with my company to join Captain Seymour and his men. We had to go a quarter of a mile through the little town of Moultrieville to reach the point of embarkation. It was about sunset, the hour of the siesta, and fortunately the Charleston militia were taking their afternoon nap. We saw nobody, and soon reached a low line of sea-wall under which were hidden the boats in charge of the three engineers, for Lieutenants Snyder and Meade had been sent by Floyd to help Captain Foster do the work on the forts. The boats had been used in going back and forward in the work of construction, manned by ordinary work- men, who now vacated them for our use. Lieutenant Snyder said to me in a low tone : " Captain, those boats are for your men." So saying, he started with his own party up the coast. When my thirty men were embarked I went straight for Fort Sumter. It was getting dusk. I made slow work in crossing over, for my men were not expert oarsmen. Soon I saw the lights of the secession guard-boat coining down on us. I told the men to take off their coats and cover up then* muskets, and I threw my own coat open to conceal my buttons. I wished to give the impression that it was an officer in charge of laborers. The guard-ship stopped its paddles and inspected us in the gathering darkness, but concluded we were all right and passed on. My party was the first to reach Fort Sumter.
We went up the steps of the wharf in the face of an excited band of seces- sion workmen, some of whom were armed with pistols. One or two Union men among them cheered, but some of the others said angrily : " What are these soldiers doing here ? what is the meaning of this ! " Ordering my men to charge bayonets, we drove the workmen into the center of the fort. I took possession of the guard-room commanding the main entrance and placed sentinels. Twenty minutes after, Seymour arrived with the rest of the men. Meantime Anderson had crossed in one of the engineer boats. As soon as the troops were all in we fired a cannon, to give notice of our arrival to the quartermaster, who had anchored at Fort Johnson with the schooners carrying the women and children. He immediately sailed up to the wharf and landed his passengers and stores. Then the workmen of secession sym- pathies were sent aboard the schooners to be taken ashore.
Lieutenant Jefferson C. Davis of my company had been left with a rear- guard at Moultrie. These, with Captain Foster and Assistant-Surgeon Craw- ford, stood at loaded columbiads during our passage, with orders to fire upon the guard-boats and sink them if they tried to run us down. On withdraw- ing, the rear-guard spiked the guns of the fort, burned the gun-carriages on the front looking toward Sumter, and cut down the flag-staff. Mrs. Doubleday first took refuge at the house of the post sutler, and afterward with the family of Chaplain Harris, with whom she sought shelter behind the sand-hills.
46 FROM MOULTRIE TO SUMTER.
When all was quiet they paced the beach, anxiously watching Fort Sumter. Finding that the South Carolinians were ignorant of what had happened, we sent the boats back to procure additional supplies. J
The next morning Charleston was furious. Messengers were sent out to ring every door-bell and convey the news to every family. The governor sent two or three of his aides to demand that we return to Moultrie. Anderson replied in my hearing that he was a Southern man, but that he had been assigned to the defense of Charleston Harbor, and intended to defend it.
Chaplain Harris was a spirited old man. He had lived at Charleston most of his life and knew the South Carolinians well. He visited Fort Sumter on our first day there and made a prayer at the raising of the flag, after which he returned to his home at Moultrieville. One day he went to the com- mander of Fort Moultrie and said to him : " Will any impediment be put in the way of my going over to Fort Sumter ? " The reply was : " Oh, no, par- son ; I reckon we'll give you a pass." The chaplain answered : " I didn't ask you for a pass, sir. I am a United States officer, and will go to any United States fort without your permission. I asked you a different question: whether you would prevent my going by force." He was not allowed to cross, after that.
We had no light and were obliged to procure some if possible, for the win- ter nights were long. There was much money due the workmen who had been discharged, and the secessionists sent them over to demand their pay. Mrs. Doubleday came in the same boat with them, and managed to ship us a box of candles at the same time ; she also brought a bandbox full of matches. At the same time Mrs. Seymour reached us stealthily in a boat rowed by two little boys. Mrs. Foster was already there. Anderson thought there was going to be trouble, so he requested the ladies to return to Moultrie- ville that night. The next day they went to a Charleston hotel, where they were obliged to keep very quiet and have their meals served privately in then- rooms. After a day or two they left for the North, on account of the feeling in the city.
From December 26th until April 12th we busied ourselves in preparing for the expected attack, and our enemies did the same on all sides of us. Ander- son apparently did not want reinforcements, and he shrank from civil war. He endured all kinds of hostile proceedings on the part of the secessionists, in the hope that Congress would make some compromise that would save slavery and the Union together.
Soon after daylight on the 9th of January, with my glass I saw a large steamer pass the bar and enter the Morris Island Channel. It was the Star of the West, with reinforcements and supplies for us. When she came near the upper part of the island the secessionists fired a shot at her. I hastened
} 1 will give an incident here to show how successful transit to Fort Sumter, went back to
completely even our own people were deceived by Moultrie in small boats to procure additional sup-
the celerity and secrecy of Major Anderson's plies, Davis walked over to the mess. He was
movement. Lieutenant Davis and some other received very indignantly by the woman, for coming
officers had a mess, which was in charge of the to supper when everything was cold. Nothing could
wife of one of the soldiers. She had prepared the exceed her astonishment when she learned that the
evening meal as usual and was amazed that no entire garrison was in Fort Sumter. Davis carried.
one came to eat it. When the officers, after their her and her pots and kettles back with him.
FROM MOULTRIE TO SUMTER. 47
to Major Anderson's room, and was ordered by him to have the long roll beaten and to post the men at the barbette gnns. By the time we reached the parapet the transport coming to our relief had approached so near that Moultrie opened fire. Major Anderson would not allow us to return the fire, so the transport turned about and steamed seaward. Ander- son asked for an explanation of the firing from Governor Pickens, and announced that he would allow no vessel to pass within range of the guns of Sumter if the answer was unsatisfactory. Governor Pickens replied that he would renew the firing under like circumstances. I think Major Anderson had received an intimation that the Star of the West was coming, but did not believe it. He thought General Scott would send a man-of-war instead of a merchant vessel. Great secrecy was observed in loading her, but the purpose of the expedition got into the newspapers, and, of course, was telegraphed to Charleston. Bishop Stevens of the Methodist Church stated in a speech made by him on Memorial Day in the Academy of Music, New York, that he aimed the first gun against the Star of the West. I aimed the first gun on our side in reply to the attack on Fort Sumter.
Sure that we would all be tasked to the utmost in the coming conflict, and be kept on the alert by day and night, I desired to get all the sleep I could beforehand, and lay down on a cot bedstead in the magazine nearest to Morris Island, — one of the few places that would be shell-proof when the fire opened. About 4 a. m. on the 12th, Major Anderson came to me as his executive officer, and informed me that the enemy would fire upon us as soon as it was light enough to see the fort. He said he would not return it until it was broad daylight, the idea being that he did not desire to waste his ammunition.
We have not been in the habit of regarding the signal shell fired from Fort Johnson as the first gun of the conflict, although it was undoubtedly aimed at Fort Sumter. Edmund Rufhn of Virginia is usually credited with opening the attack by firing the first gun from the iron-clad battery on Morris Island. The ball from that gun struck the wall of the magazine where I was lying, penetrated the masonry, and burst very near my head. As the smoke from this explosion came in through the ventilators of the magazine, and as the floor was strewn with powder where the flannel cartridges had been filled, I thought for a moment the place was on fire.
When it was fully light we took breakfast leisurely before going to the guns, our food consisting of pork and water.
The first night after the bombardment we expected that the naval vessels outside would take advantage of the darkness to send a fleet of boats with reinforcements of men and supplies of provisions, and as it was altogether probable that the enemy would also improvise a fleet of small boats to meet those of the navy, it became an interesting question, in case parties came to us in this way, to decide whether we were admitting friends or enemies. However, the night passed quietly away without any demonstration.
Captain Chester, in his paper which follows, has omitted a fact that I will mention. As the fire against us came from all directions, a shot from
48
FROM MOULTRIE TO SUMTER.
THE HOT-SHOT FURNACE, FORT MOULTRIE — FROM A PHOTOGRAPH.
Sullivan's Island struck near the lock of the magazine, and bent the copper door, so that all access to the few cartridges we had there was cut off. Just previous to this the officers had been engaged, amid a shower of shells, in vigorous efforts to cut away wood-work which was dangerously near the magazine.
After the surrender we were allowed to salute our flag with a hundred guns before marching out, but it was very dangerous and difficult to do so ; for, owing to the recent conflagration, there were fire and sparks ali around the cannon, and it was not easy to find a safe place of deposit for the car- tridges. It happened that some flakes of fire had entered the muzzle of one of the guns after it was sponged. Of course, when the gunner attempted to ram the cartridge down it exploded prematurely, killing Private Daniel Hough instantly, and setting fire to a pile of cartridges underneath, which also exploded, seriously wounding five men. Fifty guns were fired in the salute.
With banners flying, and with drums beating "Yankee Doodle,'' we marched on board the transport that was to take us to the steamship Baltic, which drew too much water to pass the bar and was anchored outside. We were soon on our way to New York.
With the first shot against Sumter the whole North became united. Mobs went about New York and made every doubtful newspaper and private house display the Stars and Stripes. When we reached that city we had a royal reception. The streets were alive with banners. Our men and officers were seized and forced to ride on the shoulders of crowds wild with enthusiasm. When we purchased anything, merchants generally refused ail compensation.
FROM MOULTRIE TO SUMTER.
49
Fort Hamilton, where we were stationed, was besieged with visitors, many of whom were among the most highly distinguished in all walks of life. The Chamber of Commerce of New York voted a bronze medal to each officer and soldier of the garrison.
We were soon called upon to take an active part in the war, and the two Sumter companies were sent under my command to reenforce General Patter- son's column, which was to serve in the Shenandoah Valley. Our march through Pennsylvania was a continuous ovation. Flowers, fruits, and delicacies of all kinds were showered upon us, and the hearts of the people seemed overflow- ing with gratitude for the very little we had been able to accomplish.
Major Anderson was made a brigadier-general in the regular army, and assigned to command in his native State, Kentucky ; but his system had been undermined by his great responsibilities ; he was threatened with softening of the brain, and was obliged to retire from active service. The other officers were engaged in battles and skirmishes in many parts of the field of war. Anderson, Foster, Seymour, Crawford, Davis, and myself became major- generals of volunteers. Norman J. Hall, who rendered brilliant service at Gettysburg, became a colonel, and would doubtless have risen higher had lie not been compelled by ill health to retire. Talbot became an assistant adjutant-general with the rank of captain, but died before the war had fairly begun. He was not with us during the bombardment, as he had been sent as a special messenger to Washington with dispatches. Lieutenant Snyder of the engineers, a most promising young officer, also died at the very com- mencement of hostilities.
Only one of our number left us and joined the Confederacy, — Lieutenant R. K. Meade of the engineers, a Virginian. His death occurred soon after.
SUMTER. GUARD-BOAT. CHARLESTON. CASTLE PINCKNEY. MOULTRIE.
MAJOR ANDERSON'S MEN CROSSING IN BOATS TO FORT SUMTER. FROM A WAR-TIME SKETCH,
Vol. I.— 4.
;**fi?SSfI¥SS?¥ifTOf^
THE SOUTH-WEST OR GORGE FRONT OF FORT SUMTER, SHOWING THE GATE WHARF, AND ESPLANADE, MACHICOULIS GALLERIES ON THE PARAPET, AND THE EFFECT OF THE FIRE FROM CUMMING'S POINT AND FORT JOHNSON. FROM A PHOTOGRAPH.
INSIDE SUMTER IN '61.
BY JAMES CHESTER, CAPTAIN THIRD ARTILLERY, U. S. A.
TOWARD the close of 1860, the national defenses of Charleston Harbor, consisting of Castle Pinckney, Fort Moultrie, and Fort Sumter, were garrisoned by an army of 65 men instead of the 1050 men that were required. Fort Moultrie alone, where the 65 soldiers were stationed, required 300 men for its defense, and Fort Sumter, to which they were ultimately transferred, was designed for a garrison of 650.
Fort Moultrie, at the time of which we write, was considered a rather pleas- ant station, Sullivan's Island being a favorite summer resort. Many of the wealthy citizens of Charleston had their summer residences there, and indeed some of them lived there all the year round. There was a large summer hotel on the beach half-way up the island, and a horse railway connected the steam- boat wharf and the hotel. The military reservation stretched across the island from the front to the back beach, like a waistbelt of moderate width, and the fort looked like a big buckle at the front end. It was a brick structure, or rather an earthen structure revetted with brick. It was bastioned on the land side, and had a scarp wall perhaps fifteen feet high ; but the sand had drifted against it at some points so as almost to bury its masonry. With its full complement of men it could hardly have been held against a numerous and enterprising enemy, and with 65 men it was plainly untenable. ^
This garrison consisted of two skeleton companies and the regimental band of the 1st Artillery. They had occupied the fort since 1857, and were fairly well acquainted in the neighborhood. Indeed, several of the men had been enlisted at the post, and were native Carolinians. As the political pot began to boil toward the close of 1860 and secession was openly discussed, the social position of the garrison became anomalous. Army officers had alwa37s been favorites in the South ; and as they were discreet and agreeable, it is not sur- prising, perhaps, that their society continued to be sought after, even by the most outspoken secessionists, up to the actual commencement of hostilities. But enlisted men, even in the South, were social outcasts. It was rather sur- prising, therefore, to find them receiving attentions from civilians. But the fact is that the soldiers of the army were never before treated with such consideration in the South as on the eve of the rebellion, ft The secession-
ft An amusing incident which illustrates this always peculiar. It could hardly be said that occurred during the election excitement in Novem- there were two parties, but there generally were ber, 1860. Elections in South Carolina were two candidates tor every office in the State. In
50
INSIDE SUMTER IN '61. 51
ists were determined to have the fort, and they wanted to get it without bloodshed. They had failed with the commissioned officers, and they had no better success with the soldiers : every enlisted man remained faithful to the Union.
The old commander of Fort Moultrie, Colonel John L. Gardner, was removed; the new one, Major Robert Anderson of Kentucky, arrived on November 21st. As a Southern man, he was expected to be reasonable. If he had scruples upon the question of qualified allegiance, he might surrender on demand, 011 purely professional grounds. No one doubted Major Ander- son's professional ability, and of course he could see the hopelessness of his situation at Moultrie. Moreover, he was a humane man, and would be unwilling to shed blood needlessly. But his actions clearly indicated that he would not surrender on demand. He continued defensive preparations with as much energy and zeal as his predecessor, and manifestly meant to fight. This was very discouraging to the preachers of bloodless secession, and when he transferred his command to Sumter their occupation was completely gone. Nothing but war would now get him out. Hence the efforts to get him ordered back again by President Buchanan — efforts which almost succeeded.
The transfer of Major Anderson's command from Moultrie to Sumter was neatly executed early in the evening of December 26th, 1860. It was a few minutes after sunset when the troops left Moultrie ; the short twilight was about over when they reached the boats; fifteen or twenty minutes more car- ried them to Sumter. The workmen had just settled down to an evening's enjoyment when armed men at the door startled them. There was no par- leying, no explaining ; nothing but stern commands, silent astonishment, and prompt obedience. The workmen were on the wharf, outside the fort, before they were certain whether their captors were secessionists or Yankees.
Meantime the newly arrived troops were busy enough. Guards were posted, embrasures secured, and, as far as practicable, the place was put in a defensible condition against any storming-party which chagrin might drive the guard-boat people to send against it. Such an attempt was perfectly feasible. The night was very dark ; the soldiers were on unknown ground
such cases the candidates would each give a barbe- had had his eyes on the fragment of ham for some
cue or feast of some kind to the voters, at which time, deliberately mounted the table at the lower
stump speeches were delivered in a somewhat end, and carefully picking his steps among the
florid style. The whole body of voters attended dishes, walked to the chairman's end, picked up
both entertainments, and it is to be feared decided the coveted fragment, and started on the return
rather upon the merits of the feast than the fitness trip. The audacity of the man stunned the audi-
of the candidate. At one of these entertainments on ence for a moment, but indignation soon got the
Sullivan's Island, the regimental band attended, — better of astonishment, and the soldier was in
hired as an attraction, — and such soldiers as were some danger of rough treatment. But the chairman
on pass gathered around the outskirts of the crowd had his revolver out in a second, and holding it
which surrounded the open-air supper table. The aloft proclaimed: "111 shoot the first man who
supper was over, and the speaking had begun, interferes with that soldier." And the soldier
Everything eatable had been devoured except a carried off the fragment. Of course he was
remnant of ham which rested on a platter in front drunk; but he could not have done the same thing
of the chairman — who perhaps was also the can- without a drubbing in 1859. This anecdote —
didate — atone end of the long table. The chairman and others might be related — indicates the policy
was speaking, and the audience was enthusiastic, and perhaps the expectations of the secession-
A storm of applause had just broken out at some- ists in connection with the soldiers of Fort Moul-
thing the speaker had said, when a soldier, who trie.— J. C.
52 INSIDE SUMTER. IN '61.
and could not find their way about readily ; many of the embrasures could not be closed; and there were at least a hundred willing guides and helpers already on the wharf and in a fine frame of mind for such work. But nothing was attempted, and when the soldiers felt themselves in a position to repel any attempt against them that night, two guns were fired as a signal to friends that the occupation had been successfully accomplished, and that they might proceed with their part of the programme. This was the first intima- tion the guard-boat people had of the transfer; and, indeed, it told them nothing, except that some soldiers must have got into Sumter. But they blew their alarm- whistle all the same, and burned blue-lights ; signal-rockets were sent up from various points, and there was great excitement everywhere in the harbor until morning.
When the signal-guns were fired, the officer in charge of the two schooners which had carried provisions and ammunition to Fort Johnson (under the pretense that they were subsistence for the women and children, whom he had also carried there as a cloak) cast loose his lines and made all speed for Sumter, and the old sergeant who had been left in Moultrie for the purpose set fire to the combustibles which had been heaped around the gun-carriages, while another man spiked the guns. The garrison from the ramparts of its new nest grimly approved of the destruction of the old one.
At dawn of December 27th the men were up and ready for any emergency; indeed, most of them had been up all night. Captain Foster had been spe- cially busy with his former employees. Among them he found several loyal men, and also some doubtful ones who were willing to share the fortunes of the garrison. These constituted an acceptable addition to our work- ing strength, although those classed as doubtful woidd have been an ele- ment of weakness in case of a fight. However, they did much good work before hostilities began, and the worst ones were weeded out before we were closely invested. Those who remained to the end were excellent men. They endured the hardships of the siege and the dangers of the bombardment without a murrnur, and left Sumter with the garrison — one of them, John Swearer, severely wounded — with little besides the clothes they stood in. They were the first volunteers for the Union, but